{"id":21970,"date":"2025-03-27T12:24:15","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:24:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21970"},"modified":"2025-04-20T08:59:21","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T08:59:21","slug":"jhgk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/archives\/21970","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Tours"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2019<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Tours<\/strong>

T\u00ean kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 trang t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf New Zealand \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean n\u00f2ng s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef "Charles Martel". \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y h\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi. Ti\u1ebfc thay, ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o, d\u00f9 c\u1ed1 \u00fd hay do thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Charles Martel, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 trang.

Tr\u1eadn Tours, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u1eadn Poitiers, di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o do Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Frank do Charles Martel ch\u1ec9 huy. Qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eed tr\u1eadn. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda trung t\u00e2m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.

tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn<\/strong>
N\u0103m 112 AH \/ 730 SCN, Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Andalusia. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf Andalusia gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Berber, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh an ninh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.
Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1edf Andalusia \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Goth, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Al-Ghafiqi, m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 im l\u1eb7ng. K\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf Tolosha v\u1eabn \u00e1m \u1ea3nh \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1eddi c\u01a1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, khi th\u1eddi c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. \u00d4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh chinh ph\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi.

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch<\/strong>
V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 114 AH \/ 732 SCN, Abd al-Rahman t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Pamplona, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Andalusia, v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua d\u00e3y n\u00fai Albert c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p (Gaul). \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Aral, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Rhone, v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 sau m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Aquitaine v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Dordogne, x\u00e9 n\u00e1t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y. C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Odo bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui c\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Bordeaux cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb chinh ph\u1ee5c. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aquitaine ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m trong tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Al-Ghafiqi ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda s\u00f4ng Loire v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Tours, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Saint-Martin, c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.
C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Odo kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Merovingian, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1eb1m trong tay Charles Martel. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p do tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa \u00f4ng v\u00e0 Odo, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ee9 Aquitaine.

S\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Frank<\/strong>
Charles Martel nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean Aquitaine, v\u1ed1n \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong tay \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7, v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o sau khi n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111e d\u1ecda \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfc c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb. \u00d4ng cho g\u1ecdi qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 d\u00e0y d\u1ea1n kinh nghi\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 thi\u00ean tai. Sau khi Charles Martel ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, \u00f4ng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p vang v\u1ecdng ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n \u00e0o c\u1ee7a binh l\u00ednh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4ng Loire.<\/span><\/h1>


Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn<\/strong>
Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa Poitiers v\u00e0 Tours sau khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Charles Martel \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng Loire m\u00e0 qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 hay bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ti\u00ean phong. Khi Al-Ghafiqi mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng s\u00f4ng Loire \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u1edf b\u1edd ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng k\u1ecbp ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, Martel \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Abd al-Rahman bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa Poitiers v\u00e0 Tours. Charles c\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Loire v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Al-Ghafiqi v\u00e0i d\u1eb7m.
Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n tin cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 n\u1ed1i Poitiers v\u00e0 Chatel, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1ch Poitiers kho\u1ea3ng 20 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Al-Balat, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb trong ti\u1ebfng Andalusia c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c khu v\u01b0\u1eddn. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Al-Balat Al-Shuhada (Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o) do s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. Trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u1eadn Tours-Poitiers.
Giao tranh n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng Sha'ban n\u0103m 114 AH \/ th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 732 SCN, v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong ch\u00edn ng\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng Ramadan, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00ean n\u00e0o gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.
V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn n\u1ed5 ra, c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1i \u0111a, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qu\u00e2n Frank b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n cho qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb Andalusia \u0111\u1ebfn Poitiers, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen mang theo chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ph\u00eda sau qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u00eda n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef ch\u00fang t\u1eeb ph\u00eda sau, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, khi m\u1ed9t s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u00e0ng ng\u0169 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Frank x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng ra.
Al-Ghafiqi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft trong binh l\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng sau khi \u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00fang m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean l\u1ea1c, c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i sinh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec7t s\u0129 tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u00e0ng ng\u0169 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n lan r\u1ed9ng trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ee9c tin m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u1eadp xu\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n h\u1ecd. Qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u00e0n \u0111\u00eam bu\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed3i ch\u1edbp th\u1eddi c\u01a1 r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 Septimania, b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m cho k\u1ebb th\u00f9.
Khi tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng, qu\u00e2n Frank n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c l\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1i, hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edd \u00e1m. H\u1ecd th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n. H\u1ecd t\u00e0n s\u00e1t h\u1ecd ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 Charles Martel h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o r\u00fat lui. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m truy \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn.

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i<\/strong>
Nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m:
1- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi r\u1eddi Andalusia, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c v\u00ec nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean mi\u00ean \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n. Trong su\u1ed1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n binh n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, v\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf Damascus l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t xa. V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n qua c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, h\u1ecd g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u00f3rdoba, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Andalusia, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.
2- S\u1ef1 h\u0103ng h\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf To\u00e0n N\u0103ng ph\u00e1n trong Kinh S\u00e1ch Cao Qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i: \u201cH\u1ee1i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, v\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 K\u1ebb L\u1eeba D\u1ed1i l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf.\u201d [Fatir: 5] \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra cho h\u1ecd, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb S\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Allah, c\u1ea7u xin s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Allah ban cho ng\u00e0i, trong hadith do Al-Bukhari v\u00e0 Muslim thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i theo th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Amr ibn Awf Al-Ansari, c\u1ea7u xin Allah h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, r\u1eb1ng S\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Allah, c\u1ea7u xin s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Allah ban cho \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cNh\u00e2n danh Allah, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ta s\u1ee3 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ta s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00ec n\u00f3, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u1ecd.\u201d
Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf To\u00e0n N\u0103ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edf ra cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 h\u1ecd tranh gi\u00e0nh n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tranh gi\u00e0nh, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u1ecd, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf To\u00e0n N\u0103ng ph\u00e1n: \u201cC\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf\u201d (Fatir: 43).

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn<\/strong>
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n t\u00e1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 bao ph\u1ee7 n\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m th\u00e1i qu\u00e1, coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch "S\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3", Edward Gibbon \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y: "N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha Anh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m Ph\u00e1p kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a kinh Quran d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, g\u00ecn gi\u1eef vinh quang c\u1ee7a Rome, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o."
Ng\u00e0i Edward Creasey n\u00f3i: \u201cChi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Charles Martel tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 732 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u1ecfi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o.\u201d
M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m s\u1eed gia \u00f4n h\u00f2a kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i coi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda l\u1edbn gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Gustave Le Bon \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, *N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp*, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Adel Zuaiter d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n: \u201cN\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec Paris s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Cordoba \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc, vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0m th\u01a1, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 vi\u1ebft t\u00ean m\u00ecnh.\u201d
Sau Tr\u1eadn Tours, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 trong tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf Andalusia.

T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/strong>
Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch (Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean... Nh\u1eefng trang quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o) c\u1ee7a Tamer Badr\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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