{"id":21967,"date":"2025-03-27T12:22:25","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:22:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21967"},"modified":"2025-04-20T09:00:00","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T09:00:00","slug":"sdfgsfg","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/archives\/21967","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Murad II"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2019<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Murad II<\/strong>

\u00d4ng l\u00e0 Sultan Murad II, v\u1ecb sultan kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp T\u1ef1 Chinh trong Tr\u1eadn Varna. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb sultan duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb hai l\u1ea7n cho con trai m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng \u0110\u1ea5ng To\u00e0n N\u0103ng.

S\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y<\/strong>
Sultan Murad II sinh n\u0103m 806 AH \/ 1404 SCN v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh Ottoman, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n cho con trai m\u00ecnh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn v\u00ec Allah. Sultan Murad II \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u1edf tu\u1ed5i m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00ec l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn v\u00ec Allah v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.

Ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9<\/strong>
Sultan Murad II l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh, Mehmed \u00c7elebi, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 824 AH \/ 1421 SCN. Sultan Murad \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 do ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Mustafa ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine Manuel II \u0111\u1ee9ng sau nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u, \u00e2m m\u01b0u v\u00e0 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i m\u00e0 Sultan Murad ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a Sultan Murad cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Mustafa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Gallipoli, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 t\u1eeb Sultan v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Sultan Murad \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng l\u00ean gi\u00e1 treo c\u1ed5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Manuel II v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u00e2m m\u01b0u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Sultan v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 anh trai c\u1ee7a Murad II, \u0111\u01b0a anh ta l\u00ean ch\u1ec9 huy m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nicea \u1edf Anatolia. Murad h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i anh ta v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Sultan Murad quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1y cho Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00ean \u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Salonika, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1431 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \/ 833 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman.
Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Murad II \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Balkan v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ottoman t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00f9ng Wallachia v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. T\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Serbia, Stefan Lazar, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i quy ph\u1ee5c Ottoman v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Ottoman t\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Murad II nhanh ch\u00f3ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u1ea3 Albania v\u00e0 Hungary.

Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng<\/strong>
D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Murad II, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c Albania v\u00e0o n\u0103m 834 AH \/ 1431 SCN, t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u00e1c li\u1ec7t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Albania, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Albania \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i hai \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Ottoman tr\u00ean d\u00e3y n\u00fai Albania. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i hai chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Ottoman li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp do ch\u00ednh Sultan Murad ch\u1ec9 huy. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00fat lui. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Albania ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Venice, v\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m do cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Ottoman \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n n\u1ed1i Venice v\u1edbi l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Venice \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n Adriatic kh\u00e9p k\u00edn. Do \u0111\u00f3, Sultan Murad II \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ottoman \u1edf Albania.
V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Hungary, Murad II \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 842 AH \/ 1438 SCN, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Hungary, b\u1eaft s\u1ed1ng 70.000 binh l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c Belgrade, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Serbia, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman kh\u1ecfi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Li\u00ean minh bao g\u1ed3m Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, Hungary, Ba Lan, Serbia, Wallachia, Genoa, Venice, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Byzantine v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Burgundy. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 S\u00e9c c\u0169ng tham gia li\u00ean minh. Quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy t\u00e0i ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hungary, John Hunyadi. Hunyadi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Danube v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra hai th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 cho qu\u00e2n Ottoman v\u00e0o n\u0103m 846 AH \/ 1442 SCN. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft t\u1ea1i Szczecin v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 848 AH \/ 1444 SCN, theo \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i Serbia v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn George Brankovi\u0107 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Murad c\u0169ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i Wallachia (Romania) cho Hungary v\u00e0 chu\u1ed9c con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Mahmud \u00c7elebi, t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman, v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 60.000 ducat. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ottoman v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Hungary. Ladislas, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Hungary, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec1 tr\u00ean Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Murad \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec1 tr\u00ean Kinh Quran s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc.

S\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o<\/strong>
Khi Murad ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Anatolia. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb s\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con trai m\u00ecnh, Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Alaa, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00e0ng d\u00e2ng tr\u00e0o. \u00d4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho con trai m\u00ecnh, Mehmed II, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n tu\u1ed5i. V\u00ec c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i, vua cha \u0111\u00e3 cho \u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 chu \u0111\u00e1o trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Magnesia \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng, d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea5n an r\u1eb1ng an ninh v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y l\u00e2u, v\u00ec H\u1ed3ng y Cesarini v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Murad \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ngai v\u00e0ng Ottoman cho con trai nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua hay g\u1eb7p nguy hi\u1ec3m g\u00ec t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Eugene IV \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c b\u1edfi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ma qu\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u1ed3ng y Cesarini r\u1ea5t n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, lu\u00f4n di chuy\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c h\u1ecd ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng s\u1ebd thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u00f4ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng: "Nh\u00e2n danh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, ng\u00e0i mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc cho binh l\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vinh quang v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i."

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 giao \u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>
Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 giao \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Varna c\u1ee7a Bulgaria, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0110en, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 giao \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, Allah To\u00e0n n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Ng\u00e0i ph\u00e1n: {Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 sau giao \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i, th\u00ec h\u00e3y chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u00edn. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd s\u1ebd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i.} [At-Tawbah: 12]. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c giao \u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c v\u00e0 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t.

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Jihad<\/strong>
Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf Edirne nghe tin v\u1ec1 phong tr\u00e0o Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 kinh ho\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Murad, th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda n\u00e0y. V\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng mujahid \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi n\u01a1i \u1ea9n d\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh. Murad \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Genova \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn qu\u00e2n Ottoman t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed7i binh s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t dinar.
Sultan Murad \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ebfn Varna c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u00e1c li\u1ec7t n\u1ed5 ra gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Sultan Murad \u0111\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 l\u00ean m\u0169i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i v\u00e0 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a binh l\u00ednh. Hai b\u00ean giao chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd, trong \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o nh\u1edd l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman. Vua Ladislas, k\u1ebb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 giao \u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p Sultan Murad, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef giao \u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 giao chi\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng Rajab 848 AH \/ ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1444 SCN. Sultan H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft v\u1ecb vua Hungary theo C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd gi\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb ng\u1ecdn gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ng\u00e3 kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ef1a. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn binh Mujahideen x\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng r\u1ed3i treo l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn gi\u00e1o, v\u1eeba \u0103n m\u1eebng v\u1eeba reo h\u00f2. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh Mujahideen h\u00e9t l\u00ean v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9: "H\u1ee1i b\u1ecdn ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i." C\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u00e0o h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea9y nhau ra xa. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Murad kh\u00f4ng truy \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi... \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i.
Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i Hungary kh\u1ecfi danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m.

Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m<\/strong>
Sultan Murad kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y v\u00e0 trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4i cho con trai m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Muhammad v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i \u1ea9n d\u1eadt \u1edf Magnesia, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con s\u01b0 t\u1eed chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 hang \u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n d\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ngai v\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb hai l\u1ea7n, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Sultan Murad. \u00d4ng v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u1ea9n d\u1eadt \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 th\u00ec qu\u00e2n Janissary \u1edf Edirne \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i, n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng. Sultan Mehmed II c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong tri\u1ec1u lo s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd leo thang, nguy hi\u1ec3m s\u1ebd gia t\u0103ng, tai h\u1ecda s\u1ebd t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7, n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p Sultan Murad \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Sultan Murad \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, qu\u00e2n Janissary quy ph\u1ee5c \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u1eed con trai m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Muhammad \u0111\u1ebfn Magnesia l\u00e0m th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c \u1edf Anatolia. Sultan Murad II v\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng Ottoman cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t.

Murad II v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n<\/strong>
Muhammad Harb n\u00f3i: \u201cM\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Murad II l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt th\u01a1 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u00edt th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u01a1 ca, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hai ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n phi\u1ebfm gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn hay b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. \u00d4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd k\u1ebf sinh nhai cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng lo toan c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c th\u01a1 ca. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u01a1.\u201d
Murad II \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n m\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0: "H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00faa, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y."
\u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Sultan uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c v\u00e0 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eedi ba ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u0103m dinar t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n t\u00fai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Hai Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Jerusalem. \u00d4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tri th\u1ee9c, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c. \u00d4ng m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n. Youssef Asaaf \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng: "\u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb."
Sultan Murad \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u, bao g\u1ed3m Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Edirne v\u1edbi ba ban c\u00f4ng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u1ea7n, n\u01a1i cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n.

C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng<\/strong>
Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Edirne v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng Muharram, 855 AH (t\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1451 SCN), h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 47 tu\u1ed5i. Theo di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u1ea7u xin Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u1ea1nh Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Muradiye \u1edf Bursa. \u00d4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec tr\u00ean m\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ec9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng hai b\u00ean m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi nh\u1edb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Qur'an, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u. Di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.

Khi ch\u00fang ta tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/strong>
Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o qu\u00ean c\u1ee7a Tamer Badr\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

14 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2019 \u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627, \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u063a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0644. \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 806 \u0647\u0640 \/ 1404 \u0645\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":21968,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","inline_featured_image":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115,184],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-21967","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-115","8":"category-184"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21967","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21967"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21967\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21968"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21967"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21967"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21967"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}