{"id":21958,"date":"2025-03-27T12:15:19","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:15:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21958"},"modified":"2025-04-20T09:06:26","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T09:06:26","slug":"gjfjhdf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/archives\/21958","title":{"rendered":"Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Constantinople"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2019<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Constantinople<\/strong>

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i h\u01a1n t\u00e1m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Constantinople \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 \u1ea5p \u1ee7 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng tha thi\u1ebft \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u00e1ng. N\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng, kh\u01a1i d\u1eady trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1t khao m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri ca ng\u1ee3i khi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i: "Constantinople ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh bi\u1ebft bao."

T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Constantinople<\/strong>
Constantinople l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 330 SCN b\u1edfi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine Constantine I. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: "N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c duy nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec Constantinople s\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4."
Constantinople t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1p eo bi\u1ec3n Bosphorus, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 nam gi\u00e1p bi\u1ec3n Marmara, m\u1ed7i bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh duy nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u00eda t\u00e2y n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi hai b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh d\u00e0i b\u1ed1n d\u1eb7m, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Marmara \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n S\u1eebng V\u00e0ng. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh b\u00ean trong cao kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i feet (12 m\u00e9t) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e1p cao s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i feet (18 m\u00e9t), v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa m\u1ed7i th\u00e1p kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i feet (36 m\u00e9t).
B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u00e0i cao 25 feet (kho\u1ea3ng 7,6 m\u00e9t) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e1p canh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 50 \u0111\u1ebfn 60 feet (kho\u1ea3ng 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 18 m\u00e9t). D\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a S\u1eebng V\u00e0ng, v\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i x\u00edch s\u1eaft kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, hai \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i x\u00edch n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa T\u01b0\u1eddng Galata v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1eddng Constantinople. C\u00e1c s\u1eed gia Ottoman ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh l\u00ednh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y l\u00ean t\u1edbi 40.000 chi\u1ebfn binh.

Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/strong>
Sau khi cha qua \u0111\u1eddi, Sultan Mehmed II b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Balkan c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Constantinople \u0111\u1ec3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 tri\u1ec7u binh s\u0129, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4n v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri Muhammad \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n s\u1ebd chinh ph\u1ee5c Constantinople, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong hadith ti\u00ean tri. Trong Musnad c\u1ee7a Ahmad ibn Hanbal c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp: Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Shaybah \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nghe Abdullah ibn Muhammad Ibn Abi Shaybah n\u00f3i: Zayd ibn al-Hubab \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, al-Walid ibn al-Mughirah al-Ma'afiri \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, Abdullah ibn Bishr al-Khath'ami \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, theo th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh, r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nghe Nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri, c\u1ea7u xin Ch\u00faa ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ban cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: "Constantinople s\u1ebd b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc." Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 hadith n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00f4 song, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.

Ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Rumeli Hisar\u0131<\/strong>
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chinh ph\u1ee5c Constantinople, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 eo bi\u1ec3n Bosphorus \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Trebizond. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i tr\u00ean b\u1edd eo bi\u1ec3n, t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf ph\u00eda ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Bayezid \u1edf ph\u00eda ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine hay tin, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p cho \u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i cao, ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ea1t chi\u1ec1u cao 82 m\u00e9t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 "L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Rumelihisar\u0131". Hai l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n nhau, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch nhau 660 m\u00e9t. Ch\u00fang ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb b\u1edd \u0111\u00f4ng Bosphorus sang b\u1edd t\u00e2y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn Constantinople t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Trebizond v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i qua trong t\u1ea7m b\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o Ottoman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t trong ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i. Khi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u Venice t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i sau khi qu\u00e2n Ottoman ra hi\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u00ecm ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c.

S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1o v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i<\/strong>
Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t Constantinople, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c, v\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hungary t\u00ean l\u00e0 Urban, m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c. Urban n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n \u00f4ng, cung c\u1ea5p cho \u00f4ng m\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c. V\u1ecb k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u "\u0110\u1ea1i b\u00e1c Sultan" n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m con b\u00f2 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n. Ch\u00ednh Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c n\u00e0y.
Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ea1t c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Constantinople, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c v\u00e2y h\u00e3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e0u, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m t\u00e0u.

k\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong>
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Constantinople, nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c k\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb th\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c Galata, n\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh Constantinople v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch b\u1edfi S\u1eebng V\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng k\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Genoa v\u00e0 Venice, hai ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c khi cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o Constantinople b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00ec l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.

V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine<\/strong>
Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, trong khi Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u00f4ng ta kh\u1ecfi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p cho \u00f4ng ta ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u00f4ng ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Byzantine th\u1ea5y quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Byzantine, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Constantinople, c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch d\u1eef d\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i n\u1ecbnh h\u00f3t Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn Constantinople, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Hagia Sophia, tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t hai nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chung gi\u1eefa C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n n\u00f3i: "T\u00f4i th\u00e0 th\u1ea5y kh\u0103n x\u1ebfp Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Byzantine c\u00f2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u0169 Latin."

Di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Constantinople<\/strong>
Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1edbm t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u00fd do n\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Ottoman v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n La M\u00e3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa Edirne v\u00e0 Constantinople \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9o nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn Constantinople. C\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Edirne \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n Constantinople trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian hai th\u00e1ng, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman, do ch\u00ednh nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 huy, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 Constantinople v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 857 AH \/ ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1453 SCN. \u00d4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p binh l\u00ednh, kho\u1ea3ng hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n cho h\u1ecd, th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c h\u1ecd tham gia th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ho\u1eb7c t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hy sinh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u khi \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ecdc cho h\u1ecd nghe nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 trong Kinh Qur'an \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng hadith c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Constantinople, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vinh quang c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ca ng\u1ee3i, t\u00f4n vinh v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n.
V\u00ec v\u1eady, Sultan \u0111\u00e3 bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n. \u00d4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1o quanh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u ph\u00e1o l\u1edbn do Urban ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn c\u00e1ch xa m\u1ed9t d\u1eb7m. Trong cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y, l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Abu Ayyub al-Ansari \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o khi v\u00e2y h\u00e3m Constantinople v\u00e0o n\u0103m 52 AH, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi caliphate c\u1ee7a Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan al-Umawi.

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Byzantine<\/strong>
V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, qu\u00e2n Byzantine \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3ng Constantinople b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i x\u00edch s\u1eaft d\u00e0y, ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho t\u00e0u Ottoman ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ecbnh S\u1eebng V\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00e0u n\u00e0o c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman v\u1eabn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u00ean Bi\u1ec3n Marmara.
Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Constantine, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Genova \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, g\u1eedi cho \u00f4ng n\u0103m t\u00e0u do ch\u1ec9 huy Genova l\u00e0 Giustiniani ch\u1ec9 huy, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 700 chi\u1ebfn binh t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o c\u1ea3ng Constantinople, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0u Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra t\u1ea1i Rabi' al-Thani ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 857 n\u0103m AH (ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1453 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). Tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Giustiniani, cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o c\u1ea3ng sau khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bao v\u00e2y th\u00e1o x\u00edch s\u1eaft v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eafp l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sau khi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c x\u00edch s\u1eaft l\u1edbn ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o S\u1eebng V\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u00e0u H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Byzantine, nh\u01b0ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, n\u00e2ng cao tinh th\u1ea7n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.

H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i di chuy\u1ec3n qua \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c phong t\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t.<\/strong>
Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngh\u0129 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o c\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t cu\u1ed9c v\u00e2y h\u00e3m c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 l\u1eabn tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u1ea3y ra trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i x\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch san ph\u1eb3ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t trong v\u00e0i gi\u1edd, sau \u0111\u00f3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n g\u1ed7, ph\u1ebft d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i nh\u1ef1a sao cho t\u00e0u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0 k\u00e9o. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang l\u00ean b\u1edd \u1edf S\u1eebng V\u00e0ng, khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n Byzantine b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd.
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 4 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y t\u00e0u Ottoman \u0111ang ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 Constantinople v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n Ottoman. M\u1ed9t s\u1eed gia Byzantine \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 kinh ng\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: "Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y hay nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Mehmed \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1edbt qua \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai thay v\u00ec s\u00f3ng. V\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, Mehmed II \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Alexander \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf." Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ottoman l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng Jumada al-Ula n\u0103m 857 AH \/ 24 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1453 SCN, Sultan Mehmed \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 cho Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Constantine, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. \u00d4ng cho h\u1ecd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c r\u1eddi \u0111i. Khi b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn tay ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: "Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1 \u01a1n Ch\u00faa v\u00ec qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p cho \u00f4ng ta. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Constantinople, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec1 s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1i th\u1edf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ngai v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3." Khi b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn tay nh\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ea1t, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: "\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i, ta s\u1ebd s\u1edbm c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngai v\u00e0ng \u1edf Constantinople ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3."

Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Constantinople<\/strong>
V\u00e0o r\u1ea1ng s\u00e1ng th\u1ee9 Ba, ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng Jumada al-Ula 857 AH \/ ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1453 SCN, Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kho\u1ea3ng 100.000 chi\u1ebfn binh tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed5ng V\u00e0ng. \u00d4ng huy \u0111\u1ed9ng 50.000 qu\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1nh tr\u00e1i, v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u00ednh Janissary. 70 t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c vang v\u1ecdng kh\u1eafp b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. Ti\u1ebfng h\u00f4 vang Allahu Akbar c\u1ee7a binh l\u00ednh l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eb7m xa. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed1c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd sau, con h\u00e0o l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft.
Trong cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y, Justinian b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf tay v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f9i, m\u1ea5t m\u00e1u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat lui \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u xin c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u1edf l\u1ea1i, nh\u1edd l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Qu\u00e2n Ottoman t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 k\u00e9o thang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u00ednh Janissary nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh, theo sau l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh, m\u0169i t\u00ean xuy\u00ean th\u1ee7ng h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 \u00edch, qu\u00e2n Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i x\u00edch s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o v\u1ecbnh. Qu\u00e2n Ottoman tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, n\u01a1i \u0111ang ch\u00ecm trong ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y t\u1ee9 t\u00e1n. Ch\u1ec9 ba gi\u1edd sau khi cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb chinh ph\u1ee5c. Sultan ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00fac gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0a v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh \u0111ang b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng ra l\u1ec7nh ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 an ninh ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o.

Muhammad al-Fatih \u1edf Medina<\/strong>
Khi Mehmed K\u1ebb Chinh Ph\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, \u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1 \u01a1n Ch\u00faa v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Hagia Sophia, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Byzantine v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp. Khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n c\u1ed5ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa b\u00ean trong v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 m\u1edf c\u1ed5ng cho \u00f4ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 tr\u1ea5n an m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n an h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 an to\u00e0n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea5n an, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tu s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n trong t\u1ea7ng h\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 khoan dung v\u00e0 tha th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a K\u1ebb Chinh Ph\u1ee5c, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o sang H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Sau \u0111\u00f3, K\u1ebb Chinh Ph\u1ee5c ra l\u1ec7nh k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa t\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng trao quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t jizya cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u ra m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7. H\u1ecd ch\u1ecdn Georgios Curtisius Scholarius, v\u00e0 trao cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1eeda c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Sau khi chinh ph\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, Sultan Mehmed d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh "Istanbul", ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 "ngai v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o" hay "th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o". Sau cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y, Sultan Mehmed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u Sultan Mehmed K\u1ebb Chinh Ph\u1ee5c.

T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi<\/strong>
Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean c\u1ee7a Tamer Badr\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

6 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2019 \u00a0 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0628 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \ufdfa \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: \u00ab\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0646 […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":21959,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","inline_featured_image":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-21958","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-115"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21958"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21958\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21959"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}