{"id":21865,"date":"2025-03-27T10:56:44","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T10:56:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21865"},"modified":"2025-04-20T09:51:52","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T09:51:52","slug":"gfhgfsd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/archives\/21865","title":{"rendered":"Al-Nasir Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 2014<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Al-Nasir Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi

Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Vua Al-Nasir Abu Al-Muzaffar Yusuf bin Ayyub bin Shadhi bin Marwan, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Ayyubid \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Levant. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 cao qu\u00fd, m\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 anh h\u00f9ng Saladin Al-Ayyubi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Jerusalem kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u1eadn Hattin.
S\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y
Saladin sinh ra t\u1ea1i Tikrit v\u00e0o n\u0103m 532 AH \/ 1138 SCN trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kurd. Cha \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Th\u00e0nh Tikrit thay m\u1eb7t Behrouz, v\u00e0 ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Asad ad-Din Shirkuh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i ba trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Nur ad-Din Zengid, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb Mosul. K\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 thay, s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Saladin Yusuf ibn Najm ad-Din Ayyub ibn Shadhi l\u1ea1i tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cha \u00f4ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Tikrit, khi\u1ebfn cha \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng may m\u1eafn. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng: "L\u00e0m sao \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi sinh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng?!"
Najm al-Din Ayyub c\u00f9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh di c\u01b0 t\u1eeb Tikrit \u0111\u1ebfn Mosul v\u00e0 \u1edf v\u1edbi Imad al-Din Zengi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n vinh \u00f4ng. C\u1eadu b\u00e9, Saladin, l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, n\u01a1i c\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong danh d\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7p s\u0129, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed, v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn. C\u1eadu \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Qur'an, ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng hadith cao qu\u00fd, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp.
Salah al-Din, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Saladin \u0111\u1ebfn, Ai C\u1eadp l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o Fatimid. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, Ai C\u1eadp l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mamluk Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sudan v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maroc. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n do s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c khalip Fatimid trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n Ai C\u1eadp. Khi ch\u1ec9 huy Nur ad-Din Mahmud nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb vua Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh c\u1ee7a Jerusalem tham lam chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Ai C\u1eadp, Nur ad-Din Mahmud \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb Damascus \u0111\u1ebfn Ai C\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a Asad ad-Din Shirkuh, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u trai Saladin. Khi qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Asad ad-Din Shirkuh, h\u1ecd r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Ai C\u1eadp, v\u00e0 Asad ad-Din ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Saladin k\u1ebf v\u1ecb \u00f4ng l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng.
Nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edch k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng \u1ea5p \u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng Saladin \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u00fang khi \u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Saladin \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Batiniyya \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nasiriyya v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kamiliyya, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Sunni, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Saladin ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Ai C\u1eadp. Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Caliph Fatimid Al-Adid v\u00e0o n\u0103m 566 AH \/ 1171 SCN, Saladin \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Al-Mustadi Al-Abbassi l\u00e0 Caliph, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng nh\u00e2n danh \u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, Caliphate Fatimid \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, v\u00e0 Saladin cai tr\u1ecb Ai C\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nur al-Din, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Caliphate Abbasid. Ai C\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00f2ng tay c\u1ee7a Caliphate H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 Saladin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i trong \u0111\u00f3.
Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc
Nur ad-Din Mahmud v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 Saladin lo s\u1ee3 Nur ad-Din s\u1ebd g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, n\u00ean \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c. Saladin \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm c\u1eed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng \u0111i \u0111i\u1ec1u tra t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Nubia, Yemen v\u00e0 Barqa.
Nur ad-Din Mahmud m\u1ea5t n\u0103m Shawwal 569 AH \/ 1174 SCN, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Saladin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Levant. Saladin b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 Levant sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nur ad-Din. \u00d4ng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Damascus v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1eadp t\u1eaft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t \u1edf Levant do mong mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Nur ad-Din. \u00d4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n hai n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp Damascus, sau \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm Homs v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Aleppo. Do \u0111\u00f3, Saladin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Levant. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf Cairo v\u00e0 Alexandria. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Saladin m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb Nubia \u1edf ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 Cyrenaica \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Armenia \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 Jazira v\u00e0 Mosul \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng.
Saladin v\u00e0 Jihad
Saladin, c\u1ea7u xin Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t \u00f4ng, tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm tr\u1ecdn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i Imam Al-Dhahabi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng trong Al-Seer: "\u00d4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t k\u1ebb th\u00f9, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng ai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y t\u1eebng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c."
V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7u xin Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf r\u01a1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 anh ta v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n Baha' al-Din n\u00f3i: "Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta, \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tham gia th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta th\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng dinar hay dirham n\u00e0o sau khi tham gia th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb cho th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c mua nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m, th\u00ec l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c."
M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i lo, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i lo c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i lo c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 Ibn al-Qayyim, c\u1ea7u xin Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Salah al-Din khi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: "H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 gian kh\u1ed5. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m vui cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed7i lo, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m vui cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi."
V\u00ec v\u1eady, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Saladin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. \u00d4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111i t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c. Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ibn al-Athir v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch "Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh" d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 220 trang, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ng\u1eadp tr\u00e0n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Tr\u1eadn Hattin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f2i b\u00fat \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng trang gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ghi tr\u00ean v\u1ea7ng tr\u00e1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 hy sinh.
Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh
Trong khi Saladin \u0111ang m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf Levant, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, ho\u00e3n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 Tr\u1eadn Montgisard v\u00e0o n\u0103m 573 AH \/ ng\u00e0y 25 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1177 SCN. Qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1, v\u00e0 Saladin \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m khi \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 truy \u0111u\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Baldwin VI, Vua Jerusalem, Raynald v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Saladin \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang Frank t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Baldwin t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Marj Ayun v\u00e0o n\u0103m 575 AH \/ n\u0103m 1179 SCN, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o n\u0103m sau t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn V\u1ecbnh Jacob. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh v\u00e0 Saladin v\u00e0o n\u0103m 576 AH \/ n\u0103m 1180 SCN.
Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp T\u1ef1 Chinh \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, bu\u1ed9c Saladin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3. Raynald \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecf. Saladin \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m 30 t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Beirut v\u00e0o n\u0103m 577 AH (1182 SCN). Raynald sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Mecca v\u00e0 Medina. Saladin \u0111\u00e3 bao v\u00e2y ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i Karak, th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a Raynald, hai l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1183 SCN v\u00e0 1184 SCN. Raynald \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o n\u0103m 581 AH (1185 SCN).
Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Jerusalem
V\u00e0o n\u0103m 583 AH \/ 1187 SCN, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Jerusalem r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay Saladin. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Saladin sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh t\u1ea1i Tr\u1eadn Hattin v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y Rabi' al-Akhir 24, 583 AH \/ 4 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1187 SCN. Sau tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Saladin v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a anh trai \u00f4ng, Vua al-Adil, \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ven bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda nam Tripoli: Acre, Beirut, Sidon, Jaffa, Caesarea v\u00e0 Ashkelon. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Latinh Jerusalem v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1187 SCN, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Saladin \u0111\u00e3 bao v\u00e2y Jerusalem. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a 60.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng sau s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng Rajab, n\u0103m 583 AH \/ ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1187 SCN, c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra v\u00e0 l\u00e1 c\u1edd v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Sultan Saladin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o l\u00ean tr\u00ean Jerusalem.
Saladin \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi Jerusalem v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y khoan dung v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1eadp T\u1ef1 Chinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi h\u1ecd khi h\u1ecd gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1eeb tay Ai C\u1eadp g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 v\u1ee5 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c hay ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y nh\u00e0 th\u1edd n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Jerusalem \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y La M\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i Jerusalem, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.
Richard the Lionheart v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba
Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t Jerusalem \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf Saladin. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 huy b\u1edfi ba v\u1ecb vua ch\u00e2u \u00c2u h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3: Richard the Lionheart, Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh; Philip Augustus, Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p; v\u00e0 Frederick Barbarossa, Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Frederick \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 tham gia cu\u1ed9c bao v\u00e2y Acre, n\u01a1i th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 587 AH \/ 1191 SCN. Ba ngh\u00ecn t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1191, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Saladin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh do Richard ch\u1ec9 huy trong Tr\u1eadn Arsuf, trong \u0111\u00f3 Saladin \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. M\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chinh ph\u1ee5c Jerusalem c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 587 AH \/ 1192 SCN, Richard \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Ramla v\u1edbi Saladin, theo \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh Jerusalem th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa Jaffa v\u00e0 Tyre. Jerusalem c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa.
M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Saladin v\u00e0 Richard l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khi Richard b\u1ecb s\u1ed1t, Saladin \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi cho \u00f4ng b\u00e1c s\u0129 ri\u00eang, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y t\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng. Khi Richard m\u1ea5t ng\u1ef1a \u1edf Arsuf, Saladin \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi cho \u00f4ng hai th\u1ee9.
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Saladin v\u00e0 Richard ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a tin.
C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y
Saladin n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 589 AH \/ 1193 SCN, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i qua trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i Jerusalem cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi bi\u1ebft tin Richard Tr\u00e1i tim S\u01b0 t\u1eed r\u1eddi \u0111i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c Palestine, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u00f4ng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Damascus. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u khi\u1ebfn cho chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng Hajj c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e3n l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u00d4ng d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111i s\u0103n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 suy s\u1ee5p. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 hay qu\u00ean, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa.
V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng Safar 589 AH \/ ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1193 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u1ed1t m\u1eadt k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ng\u00e0y. \u00d4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng Safar \/ ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 3, \u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u00f4n m\u00ea. Sau bu\u1ed5i c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 T\u01b0, ng\u00e0y 27 th\u00e1ng Safar \/ ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 3, trong khi Sheikh Abu Jaafar, imam c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc kinh Qur'an tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u: {Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Allah, ngo\u00e0i Ng\u00e0i ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, \u0110\u1ea5ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh}, Saladin m\u1edf m\u1eaft ra v\u00e0 m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi, khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng nghe th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: "\u0110\u00fang v\u1eady ..." Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Th\u00e0nh Damascus. Quan t\u00f2a al-Fadil v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia ki\u00eam quan t\u00f2a Ibn Shaddad \u0111\u00e3 lo li\u1ec7u m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c, nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Damascus t\u1eafm r\u1eeda cho \u00f4ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ed7i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 gi\u00e0 l\u1eabn tr\u1ebb. Sau \u0111\u00f3, con trai \u00f4ng, vua al-Afdal Ali, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed3i than kh\u00f3c ba ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 g\u1eedi th\u01b0 cho anh trai al-Aziz Uthman \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, anh trai al-Zahir Ghazi \u1edf Aleppo, v\u00e0 ch\u00fa al-Adil \u1edf al-Karak, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t dinar v\u00e0 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u dirham. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n.
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc do Saladin s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, Saladin v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Jerusalem trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho s\u1eed thi, th\u01a1 ca, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp. H\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1edf k\u1ecbch, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3. Saladin v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao qu\u00fd.
Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o qu\u00ean c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 Tamer Badr\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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