{"id":21855,"date":"2025-03-27T10:49:38","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T10:49:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21855"},"modified":"2025-04-20T09:56:39","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T09:56:39","slug":"fdshgf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/archives\/21855","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2013<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

\u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman
(699 \u2013 1342 AH \/ 1300 \u2013 1924 sau CN)
\u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman v\u1eabn hi\u00ean ngang gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u01b0\u01a1ng cao ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o trong h\u01a1n s\u00e1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, chinh ph\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh \u0111\u00e3 lo s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 n\u00f3 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t n\u00f3, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng cho h\u1ecd h\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f2n kh\u00e1c, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, th\u00ec Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ed3 l\u1ea5y h\u1ecd, x\u00e9 n\u00e1t h\u1ecd v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 H\u1ed9i Tam \u0110i\u1ec3m trong gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Ottoman s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi tay Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.
\u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t sau \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Umayyad. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t Constantinople c\u1ee7a Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror v\u00e0o n\u0103m 857 AH \/ 1453 SCN. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c Trung \u00c2u, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c Balkan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 756 AH \/ 1355 SCN, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Trung \u00c2u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t quy ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd. Bulgaria b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 774 AH \/ 1372 SCN, Serbia b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 788 AH \/ 1386 SCN, Bosnia v\u00e0 Herzegovina v\u00e0o n\u0103m 792 AH \/ 1389 SCN, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Croatia, Albania, Belgrade v\u00e0 Hungary. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman, do Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Suleiman \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 huy, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh Vienna v\u00e0 bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 936 AH (1529 SCN), nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman \u0111\u00e3 bao v\u00e2y Vienna v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1094 AH (1683 SCN) d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Mehmed IV.
H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tan r\u00e3 khi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy y\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1337 CN (1918 CN), \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Istanbul. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia v\u00e0 Herzegovina, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn \u1edf Bulgaria, Romania v\u00e0 Montenegro.
Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng do Ottoman ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o sang H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ottoman \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. An ninh \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ottoman v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng do Ottoman cai tr\u1ecb trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 qua c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.

Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch "Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o qu\u00ean" c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 Tamer Badr\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

22 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2013 \u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629(699 \u2013 1342 \u0647\u0640 \/ 1300 \u2013 1924 \u0645)\u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u062e\u0629\u064b\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0638\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0650\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0650\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":21856,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","inline_featured_image":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-21855","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-115"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21855","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21855"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21855\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21856"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21855"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21855"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21855"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}