{"id":21973,"date":"2025-03-27T12:26:15","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:26:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21973"},"modified":"2025-04-20T08:58:29","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T08:58:29","slug":"tysrfgd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/tr\/archives\/21973","title":{"rendered":"Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 ve \u0130hanet"},"content":{"rendered":"
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18 Mart 2019<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Viyana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131<\/strong>
ve vatana ihanet<\/strong>

Avustralyal\u0131 ter\u00f6rist, camide 49 silahs\u0131z M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc t\u00fcfe\u011fin \u00fczerine "Viyana 1683" yazm\u0131\u015f. Elbette, bu s\u00f6zleri okuyan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n %'si ne anlama geldi\u011fini bilmiyordu. \u00d6yleyse gelin "Viyana 1683" konusuna ve bu Avustralyal\u0131 ter\u00f6ristin neden t\u00fcfe\u011fine bunu yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir bakal\u0131m.

Viyana Muharebesi, 20 Ramazan 1094 (Hicri 1094 \/ Miladi 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1683) g\u00fcn\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun Viyana'y\u0131 iki ay boyunca ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Polonya Kral\u0131 III. John Sobieski komutas\u0131ndaki Polonya, Alman ve Avusturya kuvvetlerinin, Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetlerinin komutan\u0131 Sadrazam Kara Mustafa komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu yenmesiyle, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun Avrupa'daki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sona erdi.

Osmanl\u0131lar ve Viyana<\/strong>
Viyana'n\u0131n fethi, Avrupa'n\u0131n kalbindeki ticaret ve ula\u015f\u0131m yollar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan stratejik \u00f6nemi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, uzun zamand\u0131r Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131n\u0131n hayaliydi. Osmanl\u0131lar, her seferinde, Avusturya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmalar sayesinde zenginlik ve belki de Do\u011fu veya Orta Avrupa'n\u0131n yeni topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olarak Viyana surlar\u0131ndan d\u00f6nmekten memnundu.
\u0130lk ku\u015fatma, bundan bir bu\u00e7uk as\u0131r \u00f6nce, Macarlara kar\u015f\u0131 korkun\u00e7 Moha\u00e7 Muharebesi'nde kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaferin ard\u0131ndan Avrupa'ya girmesinden sonra, Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti. Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman'\u0131n ordular\u0131, 3 Zilhicce 932 \/ 10 Eyl\u00fcl 1526'da Macaristan'\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Budape\u015fte'ye girerek (M\u00fchrestan) bir Osmanl\u0131 eyaleti haline gelmi\u015f ve Orta ve Do\u011fu Avrupa'da Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n mutlak kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
MS 1683'te T\u00fcrkler Viyana'y\u0131 ikinci kez ku\u015fatt\u0131lar, ancak Kont Starhamberg, Kahlenberg Da\u011f\u0131'ndaki bir muharebede T\u00fcrkleri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan, 145 y\u0131ll\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 hakimiyetinin ard\u0131ndan, MS 1686'da Budape\u015fte'yi Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'ndan geri ald\u0131lar.

Sava\u015ftan \u00f6nce<\/strong>
Almanya, Macaristan ve Slovakya'da Osmanl\u0131larla rekabet halindeydi ve Osmanl\u0131 Sadrazam\u0131, Almanya'n\u0131n Macaristan'\u0131n i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir darbe vurma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle me\u015fguld\u00fc. Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa, Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 IV. Mehmed'i ve Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun'u (Bakanlar Kurulu) Almanya'ya sava\u015f a\u00e7maya ikna etti. Sadrazam Ahmed Pa\u015fa K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, Edirne'den yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve 60.000 deve ve 10.000 kat\u0131r\u0131n \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f top ve m\u00fchimmatla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131k 120.000 askerden olu\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ordunun ba\u015f\u0131nda Macaristan'a vard\u0131. Slovakya'ya girdi, yolundaki t\u00fcm askeri tahkimatlar\u0131 y\u0131kt\u0131 ve Budape\u015fte'nin kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda, Viyana'n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 110 km do\u011fusunda ve Bratislava'ya 80 km uzakl\u0131kta bulunan Nohzel Kalesi'ne y\u00f6neldi. Almanlar buray\u0131 tahkim etmi\u015fti ve Avrupa'n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kalelerinden biri haline gelecek kadar son derece tahkim edilmi\u015fti. Osmanl\u0131 ordusu 13 Muharrem 1074 H. \/ 17 A\u011fustos 1663 M.'de ku\u015fatmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.
Osmanl\u0131'n\u0131n kale ku\u015fatmas\u0131 37 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve kale garnizon komutan\u0131 kalenin teslim olmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Sadrazam, garnizonun kaleyi silahs\u0131z ve m\u00fchimmats\u0131z bo\u015faltmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla bu talebi kabul etti. Bu harek\u00e2t Avrupa'da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir infiale yol a\u00e7arak, genel olarak krallar\u0131n y\u00fcre\u011finde korku ve panik yaratt\u0131. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck kalenin teslim olmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 Avusturya kalesi Osmanl\u0131 ordusuna teslim oldu.
Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck fetih, Ahmed K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc'n\u00fcn ordular\u0131yla ilerleyerek Orta Avrupa'da Moravya (\u00c7ekoslovakya'da) ve Silezya b\u00f6lgelerini fethetmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.

Sava\u015f Konseyi<\/strong>
Sadrazam Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa, ordusunda bir harp meclisi toplayarak Viyana'y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 orada Almanya'ya dikte edece\u011fini duyurdu. Viyana'n\u0131n anahtar\u0131 say\u0131lan ve Viyana'n\u0131n 80 km do\u011fusunda, Rab Nehri'nin bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Yangkale \u015fehrini ele ge\u00e7irmenin, Almanya'y\u0131 boyunduruk alt\u0131na almayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Macaristan'\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi.
Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa'n\u0131n karar\u0131 naz\u0131rlar aras\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa ve tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Naz\u0131r \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa, Sultan IV. Mehmed'in Yangkala'y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip Osmanl\u0131 komando tugaylar\u0131yla Orta Avrupa'ya sald\u0131rmak istedi\u011fini ve Viyana seferinin muhtemelen gelecek y\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fini belirterek itiraz etti. Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa, bu yo\u011funluk ve g\u00fc\u00e7teki bir ordunun tekrar toplanmas\u0131n\u0131n zor oldu\u011funu, bunun i\u00e7in Almanlara g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve kesin bir darbe vurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, aksi takdirde onlarla sava\u015f\u0131n uzayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de Almanya'n\u0131n Fransa ile bir bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bat\u0131 yakas\u0131nda g\u00fcvende oldu\u011funu, \u0130mparator Leopold'un Polonya Kral\u0131 Sobieski ile Padoli b\u00f6lgesinin yeniden kurulmas\u0131 konusunda anla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Venedik'in de bu anla\u015fmaya dahil edilmesi gerekti\u011fini ve b\u00f6ylece Rusya ile di\u011fer Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin Almanya'n\u0131n yan\u0131nda bu H\u0131ristiyan ittifak\u0131na kat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Bunun i\u00e7in ittifak\u0131n o y\u0131l bozulmas\u0131 ve bu yeni olu\u015fan ittifak\u0131n yok edilmesi gerekiyordu, aksi takdirde sava\u015f bilinmeyen bir s\u00fcre boyunca uzayacakt\u0131.

Avrupa'n\u0131n konumu<\/strong>
Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler Viyana'n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ti. Papa, Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 bir ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi ilan etti ve Polonya Kral\u0131 Sobieski'ye Osmanl\u0131larla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 antla\u015fmay\u0131 feshetmesini emretti. Ayr\u0131ca, en yak\u0131n Avrupa prensleri olan Saksonya ve Bavyera Alman prenslerine de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Viyana'ya gitmelerini emretti. Polonya, Almanya ve Avusturya'dan gelen 70.000 askerden olu\u015fan Avrupa ordular\u0131 topland\u0131. Lorraine D\u00fck\u00fc, genel komutay\u0131 Polonya Kral\u0131 III. John Sobieski'ye b\u0131rakt\u0131. Viyana'n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn sadece birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn uzakta oldu\u011funu hissettikleri i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klar 11 Eyl\u00fcl Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc tamamland\u0131. Bu nedenle Avrupal\u0131lar, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n kontrol\u00fcndeki Don K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc'n\u00fc, bu k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc ge\u00e7meden Viyana'ya malzeme ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, maliyeti ne olursa olsun zorla ge\u00e7meye karar verdiler.

ihanet<\/strong>
Kara Mustafa, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n ilerlemesini \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla, bat\u0131dan Viyana'ya giden tek yol olan Don K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc'ne, K\u0131r\u0131m h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Murad Karay komutas\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Osmanl\u0131 kuvveti konu\u015fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Murad Karay, gerekirse k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn havaya u\u00e7urulmas\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015fti.
Burada hi\u00e7 kimsenin, ne Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n ne de Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n beklemedi\u011fi bir \u015fey oldu: Murad Karay, Kara Mustafa'ya olan kin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc sava\u015fmadan ge\u00e7mesine izin vererek \u0130slam'a ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihanette bulundu. Mustafa Pa\u015fa, Murad Karay'dan nefret ediyor ve ona k\u00f6t\u00fc davran\u0131yordu; Murad ise, Mustafa Pa\u015fa'n\u0131n Viyana'daki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kendi iktidar\u0131n\u0131 ve liderlik konumunu kaybetmesine yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yordu. Bu hain lider, Osmanl\u0131'n\u0131n Viyana'ya yenilmesinin d\u00fcnya tarihinin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fini hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemi\u015fti. Bu y\u00fczden Murad, Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Viyana'ya uygulanan ku\u015fatmay\u0131 k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Donya K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc'n\u00fc ge\u00e7mesini parma\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bile k\u0131p\u0131rdatmadan seyretmeye karar verdi. Ayr\u0131ca, Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman'\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Viyana'n\u0131n fatihi Kara Mustafa Pa\u015fa olmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeyen Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda bakanlar ve beyler vard\u0131.

Belirleyici sava\u015f<\/strong>
Cumartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc, Ramazan ay\u0131n\u0131n 20'si 1094 H. \/ Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131n\u0131n 12'si 1683 M. g\u00fcn\u00fc, iki ordu Viyana surlar\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Avrupal\u0131lar Donna K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc'n\u00fc tek damla kan d\u00f6kmeden ge\u00e7tikleri i\u00e7in mutluydular. Osmanl\u0131 ordusu Donna K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc'n\u00fc ge\u00e7tikten sonra kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131nda Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce \u015fa\u015fk\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Ancak Mustafa Pa\u015fa, kuvvetlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ve se\u00e7kin Yeni\u00e7erilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131yla \u015fehri i\u015fgal etmek i\u00e7in bir kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. T\u00fcrk komutanlar, III. \u0130oannis Sobieski gelmeden \u00f6nce Viyana'y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu, ancak zaman t\u00fckeniyordu. Bu s\u0131rada askeri m\u00fchendisler \u015fehre eri\u015fim sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck ve son bir patlama daha haz\u0131rlad\u0131lar. T\u00fcrkler aceleyle i\u015flerini bitirip patlamay\u0131 daha etkili hale getirmek i\u00e7in t\u00fcneli kapat\u0131rken, Avusturyal\u0131lar \u00f6\u011fleden sonra ma\u011faray\u0131 ke\u015ffettiler. \u0130\u00e7lerinden biri t\u00fcnele girdi ve tam zaman\u0131nda patlamay\u0131 etkisiz hale getirdi.
Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun sa\u011f kanad\u0131n\u0131n komutan\u0131 O\u011flu \u0130brahim, sava\u015f alan\u0131ndan \u00e7ekildi\u011finde bir ba\u015fka b\u00fcy\u00fck ihanete daha u\u011frad\u0131. Bu geri \u00e7ekilme, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n yenilgisinde en b\u00fcy\u00fck etkiyi yaratt\u0131. Kara Mustafa, sava\u015f alan\u0131ndan organize bir \u015fekilde \u00e7ekilmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131 ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolunda hem Murad Karay'\u0131 hem de O\u011flu \u0130brahim'i idam ettirdi, ancak bu, idam\u0131n\u0131 emreden Sultan IV. Mehmed'e pek yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmad\u0131.
\u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalarda yakla\u015f\u0131k 15.000 Osmanl\u0131 askeri hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybederken, yakla\u015f\u0131k 4.000 Avrupal\u0131 da hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Osmanl\u0131 ordusu geri \u00e7ekilme s\u0131ras\u0131nda 81.000 esir ald\u0131 ve 59 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren ku\u015fatma sona erdi.

Sava\u015f sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>
Osmanl\u0131'n\u0131n Viyana surlar\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcndeki yenilgisi, Osmanl\u0131 ve Avrupa tarihinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131yd\u0131. Viyana'daki yenilgiyle birlikte Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Avrupa'ya sald\u0131r\u0131 ve yay\u0131lma ivmesini kaybetti. Bu yenilgi, Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde bir \u00e7\u0131kmaza i\u015faret ediyordu. Hristiyan ittifak\u0131n\u0131n ordular\u0131, sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Avrupa'daki Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ti.

Neden Harikayd\u0131k<\/strong>
Tamer Badr'\u0131n (Unutulmaz G\u00fcnler... \u0130slam Tarihinden \u00d6nemli Sayfalar) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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