{"id":21970,"date":"2025-03-27T12:24:15","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:24:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21970"},"modified":"2025-04-20T08:59:21","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T08:59:21","slug":"jhgk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/tr\/archives\/21970","title":{"rendered":"Tours Muharebesi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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17 Mart 2019<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Tours Muharebesi<\/strong>

Yeni Zelanda'daki bir camide silahs\u0131z M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcren Hristiyan ter\u00f6rist, t\u00fcfe\u011finin namlusuna "Charles Martel" yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu, onun iyi bir tarih okuyucusu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Ne yaz\u0131k ki biz M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar tarihimizi okumuyoruz ve tarihimizin \u00e7o\u011fu okullar\u0131m\u0131zda \u00f6\u011fretilmiyor. Tarihimizin bir k\u0131sm\u0131, kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak veya cehaletten dolay\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu nedenle, tarihimizi ve silahs\u0131z M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcren t\u00fcfe\u011fin \u00fczerine ad\u0131 yaz\u0131lan Charles Martel'in hik\u00e2yesini bilmeliyiz.

Poitiers Muharebesi olarak da bilinen Tours Muharebesi, Abdurrahman el-Gafik\u00ee komutas\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kuvvetleri ile Charles Martel komutas\u0131ndaki Frenk kuvvetleri aras\u0131nda meydana geldi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar bu muharebede yenildi ve komutanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu yenilgi, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Avrupa'n\u0131n kalbine do\u011fru ilerlemesini durdurdu.

sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi<\/strong>
Hicri 112 \/ Miladi 730 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abdurrahman el-Gafik\u00ee, End\u00fcl\u00fcs valisi olarak atand\u0131. End\u00fcl\u00fcs'te Araplar ve Berberiler aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan isyanlar\u0131 bast\u0131rd\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel durumunu iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
Ancak End\u00fcl\u00fcs'te yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan bu istikrar ve d\u00fczen, Franklar ve Gotlar\u0131n kuzeydeki \u0130slam mevzilerine sald\u0131r\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 nedeniyle bozuldu. El-Gafik\u00ee gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir inan\u00e7l\u0131 ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir adam sessiz kalamazd\u0131. Tolo\u015fa yenilgisinin an\u0131lar\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 onu rahats\u0131z ediyordu ve etkilerini silmek i\u00e7in do\u011fru f\u0131rsat\u0131 bekliyordu. Art\u0131k bu f\u0131rsat gelmi\u015fti, onu yakalay\u0131p en iyi \u015fekilde haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131yd\u0131. Fetih niyetini ilan etti ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar her y\u00f6nden ona ak\u0131n etti, ta ki elli bin ki\u015fiye ula\u015fana kadar.

Kampanya g\u00fczergah\u0131<\/strong>
114 H. \/ 732 M. ba\u015flar\u0131nda Abdurrahman birliklerini End\u00fcl\u00fcs'\u00fcn kuzeyindeki Pamplona'da toplad\u0131 ve onlarla birlikte Albert Da\u011flar\u0131'n\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Fransa'ya (Galya) girdi. G\u00fcneye, Rhone Nehri \u00fczerindeki Aral \u015fehrine y\u00f6neldi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fehir kendisine hara\u00e7 \u00f6demeyi reddetti ve itaatsizlik etti. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir sava\u015ftan sonra oray\u0131 fethetti. Sonra bat\u0131ya, Akitanya D\u00fckal\u0131\u011f\u0131'na y\u00f6neldi ve Dordogne Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda kesin bir zafer kazanarak ordusunu da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131. D\u00fck Odo, g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle kuzeye \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131 ve ba\u015fkenti Bordeaux'yu M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n fatih olarak girmesine b\u0131rakt\u0131. Akitanya eyaleti tamamen M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elindeydi. El-Gafik\u00ee Loire Nehri'ne do\u011fru ilerledi ve o zamanlar olduk\u00e7a \u00fcnl\u00fc olan Saint-Martin Kilisesi'ni bar\u0131nd\u0131ran d\u00fckal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ikinci \u015fehri olan Tours \u015fehrine y\u00f6neldi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u015fehre sald\u0131rd\u0131 ve kontrol\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irdi.
D\u00fck Odo'nun, i\u015fleri Charles Martel'in elinde olan Merovenj devletinden yard\u0131m istemekten ba\u015fka se\u00e7ene\u011fi yoktu. \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131ya cevap verdi ve yard\u0131m\u0131na ko\u015ftu. Daha \u00f6nce, Akitanya D\u00fck\u00fc Odo ile aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan anla\u015fmazl\u0131k nedeniyle G\u00fcney Fransa'daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman hareketleriyle ilgilenmemi\u015fti.

Frank haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>
Charles Martel, yard\u0131m talebinde, rakibinin elindeki Akitanya \u00fczerindeki n\u00fcfuzunu geni\u015fletmek ve kendisini tehdit etmeye ba\u015flayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman fethini durdurmak i\u00e7in bir f\u0131rsat buldu. Hemen harekete ge\u00e7ti ve haz\u0131rl\u0131k yapmak i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u00e7abadan ka\u00e7\u0131nmad\u0131. Her yerden asker g\u00f6nderdi ve neredeyse \u00e7\u0131plak halde sava\u015fan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, kaba askerlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, sava\u015flarda ve felaketlerde deneyimli ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kendi askerleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131. Charles Martel haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ordusundan say\u0131ca daha fazla olan devasa ordusuyla harekete ge\u00e7ti. Yer sars\u0131ld\u0131 ve Fransa ovalar\u0131 askerlerin sesleri ve ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla yank\u0131land\u0131. Ta ki Loire Nehri'nin g\u00fcney \u00e7ay\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fana kadar.<\/span><\/h1>


Sava\u015f<\/strong>
M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ordusu, Poitiers ve Tours aras\u0131ndaki ovaya ilerleyi\u015fini tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O s\u0131rada Charles Martel'in ordusu, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00f6nc\u00fc birliklerinin geli\u015fini fark etmeden Loire Nehri'ne ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. El-Gafiqi, haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlamadan \u00f6nce Loire Nehri'ne h\u00fccum edip rakibiyle nehrin sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulu\u015fmak istedi\u011finde, Martel, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ordusundan say\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcn olan muazzam kuvvetleriyle onu gafil avlad\u0131. Abdurrahman, Poitiers ve Tours aras\u0131ndaki ovaya \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131. Charles, kuvvetleriyle Loire Nehri'ni ge\u00e7ti ve ordusuyla El-Gafiqi'nin ordusundan birka\u00e7 kilometre uzakta kamp kurdu.
Sava\u015f, iki taraf aras\u0131nda bu ovada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Sava\u015f alan\u0131n\u0131n kesin yeri bilinmemekle birlikte, baz\u0131 kaynaklar, Poitiers ve Chatel'i birbirine ba\u011flayan bir Roma yolunun yak\u0131n\u0131nda, Poitiers'in yakla\u015f\u0131k yirmi kilometre kuzeydo\u011fusunda, End\u00fcl\u00fcs'te bah\u00e7elerle \u00e7evrili saray veya kale anlam\u0131na gelen El-Balat ad\u0131 verilen bir yerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. Bu nedenle sava\u015f, \u00e7ok say\u0131da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131n \u015fehit olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Arap kaynaklar\u0131nda El-Balat El-\u015e\u00fcheda (\u015eehitler Saray\u0131) olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupa kaynaklar\u0131nda ise Tours-Poitiers Muharebesi olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\u0130ki taraf aras\u0131nda 114 Hicri \u015eaban ay\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda \/ 732 Miladi Ekim ay\u0131nda ba\u015flayan ve Ramazan ay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kadar dokuz g\u00fcn s\u00fcren \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda her iki taraf da kesin bir zafer elde edemedi.
Onuncu g\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sava\u015f patlak verdi ve her iki taraf da azami cesaret, dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ve metanet g\u00f6sterdi, ta ki Franklar yorulup M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in zafer i\u015faretleri belirene kadar. Hristiyanlar, \u0130slam ordusunun End\u00fcl\u00fcs'ten Poitiers'e do\u011fru ilerlerken elde etti\u011fi bir\u00e7ok ganimet oldu\u011funu ve bu ganimetlerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 ezdi\u011fini biliyorlard\u0131. Araplar\u0131n ganimetlerini yanlar\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 ve ordular\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131na bir garnizon yerle\u015ftirerek onlar\u0131 korumalar\u0131 adettendi. Hristiyanlar bunu anlad\u0131lar ve bu tarafa odaklanarak M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 vurmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Ganimetleri korumakla g\u00f6revli garnizonun yan\u0131ndan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 arkadan ku\u015fatt\u0131lar. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Hristiyanlar\u0131n plan\u0131n\u0131 fark edemeyince, baz\u0131 t\u00fcmenler ganimetleri korumak i\u00e7in geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve b\u00f6ylece \u0130slam ordusunun d\u00fczeni bozuldu. Bir t\u00fcmen ganimetleri korumak i\u00e7in geri d\u00f6nerken, di\u011feri Hristiyanlarla cepheden sava\u015ft\u0131. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman saflar\u0131 bozuldu ve Franklar\u0131n s\u0131zd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bo\u015fluk geni\u015fledi.
El-Gafik\u00ee, d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamaya, durumu kontrol alt\u0131na almaya ve askerleri aras\u0131nda co\u015fkuyu canland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak serseri bir okla vurulup can\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131ktan sonra \u00f6l\u00fcm ona yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmad\u0131 ve sava\u015f meydan\u0131nda \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman saflar\u0131 daha da d\u00fczensizle\u015fti ve ordu aras\u0131nda panik yay\u0131ld\u0131. Az\u0131c\u0131k metanet, ate\u015fli iman ve zafer arzusu olmasayd\u0131, say\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcn bir ordu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir felaket gelirdi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar geceye kadar beklediler, sonra karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilerek Septimania'ya \u00e7ekildiler ve mallar\u0131n\u0131 ve ganimetlerinin \u00e7o\u011funu d\u00fc\u015fmana ganimet olarak b\u0131rakt\u0131lar.
Sabah oldu\u011funda, Franklar sava\u015fa devam etmek i\u00e7in aya\u011fa kalkt\u0131lar, ancak M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bulamad\u0131lar. Etrafta tam bir sessizlik vard\u0131, bu y\u00fczden bir hile olabilece\u011fini umarak \u00e7ad\u0131rlara do\u011fru temkinli bir \u015fekilde ilerlediler. \u00c7ad\u0131rlar\u0131n, hareket edemeyen yaral\u0131lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bo\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Onlar\u0131 hemen katlettiler ve Charles Martel, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n geri \u00e7ekilmesinden memnundu. Onlar\u0131 takip etmeye cesaret edemedi ve ordusuyla birlikte geldi\u011fi kuzeye geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.

Yenilginin nedenleri<\/strong>
Bu utan\u00e7 verici sonuca yol a\u00e7an pek \u00e7ok etken bir araya geldi:
1- M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, End\u00fcl\u00fcs'ten ayr\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131ndan beri binlerce kilometre yol kat etmi\u015f, Fransa'daki s\u00fcrekli sava\u015flardan bitkin d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f ve hareketten bitkin d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Bu yolculuk boyunca, ordunun canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tazeleyecek ve g\u00f6revinde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak hi\u00e7bir takviye kuvvet onlara ula\u015famad\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015eam'daki Halifelik merkeziyle aralar\u0131ndaki mesafe \u00e7ok uzundu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Fransa b\u00f6lgelerinden ge\u00e7erken, tarihi olaylardan ziyade mitolojik hik\u00e2yelere daha yak\u0131nd\u0131lar. End\u00fcl\u00fcs'\u00fcn ba\u015fkenti Kurtuba, Arap fatihlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu kendi b\u00f6lgelerine da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in orduya yard\u0131m edemedi.
2- M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ganimetleri korumaya olan d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fckleri. Y\u00fcce Allah, Kitab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmaktad\u0131r: \u201cEy insanlar! \u015e\u00fcphesiz Allah\u2019\u0131n vaadi hakt\u0131r. D\u00fcnya hayat\u0131 sizi aldatmas\u0131n. Aldat\u0131c\u0131 sizi Allah hakk\u0131nda aldatmas\u0131n.\u201d [Fat\u0131r: 5] M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n kendilerine a\u00e7\u0131lan bu d\u00fcnya hayat\u0131na aldan\u0131p, onun i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Buhari ve M\u00fcslim\u2019in Amr \u0130bnu Avf el-Ensari rad\u0131yallahu anh\u2019den rivayet ettikleri hadiste, Res\u00fblullah sallallahu aleyhi ve sellem\u2019in \u015f\u00f6yle buyurdu\u011fu rivayet edilmi\u015ftir: \u201cAllah\u2019a yemin ederim ki, ben sizin i\u00e7in yoksulluktan korkmuyorum. Fakat sizden \u00f6ncekilere kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n size de kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan, onlar d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 gibi sizin de yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131zdan ve onlar\u0131n onlar\u0131 hel\u00e2k etti\u011fi gibi sizin de hel\u00e2k olmas\u0131ndan korkuyorum.\u201d
Y\u00fcce Allah'\u0131n mahl\u00fbkat\u0131na koydu\u011fu kanun \u015fudur: E\u011fer d\u00fcnya M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r da onlar, kendilerinden \u00f6nceki \u00fcmmetlerin onun i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 gibi onun i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015f\u0131rlarsa, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00f6nceki \u00fcmmetleri hel\u00e2k etti\u011fi gibi, onlar\u0131 da hel\u00e2k edecektir. Y\u00fcce Allah \u015f\u00f6yle buyurmaktad\u0131r: "Allah'\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinde asla bir de\u011fi\u015fme bulamazs\u0131n ve Allah'\u0131n s\u00fcnnetinde asla bir sapma da bulamazs\u0131n." (Fat\u0131r: 43)

Sava\u015f sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>
Bu sava\u015f hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u015fey s\u00f6ylendi ve Avrupal\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, onu abart\u0131l\u0131 bir ilgiyle ku\u015fatarak belirleyici bir sava\u015f olarak ele ald\u0131lar. Bu ilginin s\u0131rr\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r; \u00e7o\u011fu, Avrupa'y\u0131 kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131r. Edward Gibbon, "Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu'nun \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc" adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda bu sava\u015f hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle der: "\u0130ngiliz atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ve Frans\u0131z kom\u015fular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 medeni ve dini Kuran'\u0131n boyunduru\u011fundan kurtard\u0131, Roma'n\u0131n ihti\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 korudu ve Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi."
Sir Edward Creasey \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cCharles Martel\u2019in 732 y\u0131l\u0131nda Araplara kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck zafer, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019daki Arap fetihlerine kesin bir son verdi ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130slam\u2019dan kurtard\u0131.\u201d
Bir di\u011fer \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 tarih\u00e7i grubu ise bu zaferi, Avrupa'y\u0131 medeniyet ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrden mahrum b\u0131rakan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir felaket olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Gustave Le Bon, Adel Zuaiter'in Arap\u00e7aya titizlikle ve belagatle \u00e7evirdi\u011fi \u00fcnl\u00fc kitab\u0131 *Araplar\u0131n Medeniyeti*nde \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: "E\u011fer Araplar Fransa'y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olsayd\u0131, Paris, \u0130spanya'daki Kurtuba gibi, Avrupa krallar\u0131n\u0131n kendi isimlerini bile yazamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, sokaktaki adam\u0131n okuyabilece\u011fi, yazabilece\u011fi ve hatta bazen \u015fiir yazabilece\u011fi bir medeniyet ve bilim merkezi olurdu."
Tours Muharebesi'nden sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara Avrupa'n\u0131n kalbine bir daha girme f\u0131rsat\u0131 verilmedi. Hristiyan g\u00fc\u00e7lerin birle\u015fip, End\u00fcl\u00fcs'te M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elindeki \u015fehirleri ve \u00fcsleri ele ge\u00e7irerek yeniden fetih hareketi ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde, b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n patlak vermesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131lar.

Neden Harikayd\u0131k<\/strong>
Tamer Badr'\u0131n (Unutulmaz G\u00fcnler... \u0130slam Tarihinden \u00d6nemli Sayfalar) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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