{"id":21958,"date":"2025-03-27T12:15:19","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:15:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21958"},"modified":"2025-04-20T09:06:26","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T09:06:26","slug":"gjfjhdf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/sq\/archives\/21958","title":{"rendered":"Pushtimi i Kostandinopoj\u00ebs"},"content":{"rendered":"
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6 Mars 2019<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Pushtimi i Kostandinopoj\u00ebs<\/strong>

Mysliman\u00ebt prit\u00ebn p\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb se tet\u00eb shekuj q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushej lajmi i mir\u00eb profetik i pushtimit t\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00ebs. Ishte nj\u00eb \u00ebnd\u00ebrr e \u00e7muar dhe nj\u00eb shpres\u00eb e dashur q\u00eb i p\u00ebrndiqte udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit dhe pushtuesit, dhe flak\u00ebt e saj nuk u shuan me kalimin e koh\u00ebs dhe viteve. Ai mbeti nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim i zjarrt\u00eb, duke ngjallur tek njer\u00ebzit nj\u00eb d\u00ebshir\u00eb t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr ta arritur at\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ai q\u00eb pushtonte t\u00eb ishte objekt i lavd\u00ebrimit t\u00eb Profetit kur tha: "Kostandinopoja me siguri do t\u00eb pushtohet. \u00c7far\u00eb udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi i shk\u00eblqyer do t\u00eb jet\u00eb dhe \u00e7far\u00eb ushtrie e shk\u00eblqyer do t\u00eb jet\u00eb ajo ushtri."

Statusi i Kostandinopoj\u00ebs<\/strong>
Kostandinopoja \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga qytetet m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb bot\u00eb. U themelua n\u00eb vitin 330 t\u00eb er\u00ebs son\u00eb nga perandori bizantin Kostandini I. Ajo kishte nj\u00eb pozicion unik global, aq sa thuhej p\u00ebr t\u00eb: "N\u00ebse bota do t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb mbret\u00ebri e vetme, Kostandinopoja do t\u00eb ishte qyteti m\u00eb i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t'u b\u00ebr\u00eb kryeqyteti i saj".
Kostandinopoja z\u00eb nj\u00eb pozicion t\u00eb fortifikuar, t\u00eb bekuar nga natyra me cil\u00ebsit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mrekullueshme t\u00eb nj\u00eb qyteti t\u00eb madh. Ajo kufizohet n\u00eb lindje nga Bosfori dhe n\u00eb per\u00ebndim dhe n\u00eb jug nga Deti i Marmaras\u00eb, secili prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve kufizohet nga nj\u00eb mur i vet\u00ebm. Ana per\u00ebndimore lidhet me kontinentin evropian dhe mbrohet nga dy mure, kat\u00ebr milje t\u00eb gjata, q\u00eb shtrihen nga brigjet e Detit t\u00eb Marmaras\u00eb deri n\u00eb brigjet e Bririt t\u00eb Art\u00eb. Muri i brendsh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth dyzet metra i lart\u00eb dhe mb\u00ebshtetet nga kulla gjasht\u00ebdhjet\u00eb metra t\u00eb larta, me distanc\u00ebn midis secil\u00ebs kull\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth nj\u00ebqind e tet\u00ebdhjet\u00eb metra.
Muri i jasht\u00ebm ishte nj\u00ebzet e pes\u00eb metra i lart\u00eb dhe ishte gjithashtu i fortifikuar me kulla t\u00eb ngjashme me ato t\u00eb murit t\u00eb par\u00eb. Midis dy mureve ishte nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb midis pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb dhe gjasht\u00ebdhjet\u00eb metra e gjer\u00eb. Uj\u00ebrat e Bririt t\u00eb Art\u00eb, i cili mbronte an\u00ebn verilindore t\u00eb qytetit, ishin t\u00eb mbyllura nga nj\u00eb zinxhir masiv hekuri, dy skajet e t\u00eb cilit shtriheshin n\u00eb hyrjen e tij midis Murit t\u00eb Gallat\u00ebs dhe Murit t\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00ebs. Historian\u00ebt osman\u00eb p\u00ebrmendin se numri i mbrojt\u00ebsve t\u00eb qytetit t\u00eb rrethuar arriti n\u00eb dyzet mij\u00eb luft\u00ebtar\u00eb.

P\u00ebrgatitja e Ushtris\u00eb s\u00eb Pushtimit<\/strong>
Pas vdekjes s\u00eb babait t\u00eb tij, Sulltan Mehmeti II filloi p\u00ebrgatitjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar pushtimin e tokave t\u00eb mbetura ballkanike dhe t\u00eb qytetit t\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00ebs, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha zot\u00ebrimet e tij t\u00eb lidheshin, pa asnj\u00eb armik sulmues apo mik hipokrit. Fillimisht ai b\u00ebri p\u00ebrpjekje t\u00eb m\u00ebdha p\u00ebr t\u00eb forcuar ushtrin\u00eb osmane me fuqi pun\u00ebtore derisa numri i saj arriti n\u00eb gati nj\u00eb t\u00eb kat\u00ebrt\u00ebn e nj\u00eb milioni ushtar\u00ebsh, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh krahasuar me ushtrit\u00eb e vendeve n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb. Ai gjithashtu i kushtoi v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb st\u00ebrvitjes s\u00eb k\u00ebtyre grupeve n\u00eb arte t\u00eb ndryshme luftarake dhe me lloje t\u00eb ndryshme arm\u00ebsh q\u00eb do t'i kualifikonin ata p\u00ebr pushtimin e madh q\u00eb pritej. Pushtuesi gjithashtu u kujdes t'i p\u00ebrgatiste ata me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitje t\u00eb fort\u00eb morale dhe t\u00eb nguliste frym\u00ebn e xhihadit tek ata, dhe t'u kujtonte atyre l\u00ebvdatat e Profetit Muhamed p\u00ebr ushtrin\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb pushtonte Kostandinopoj\u00ebn, dhe shpresonte se ata do t\u00eb ishin ushtria e synuar n\u00eb hadithin profetik. \u00cbsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmendur n\u00eb Musnedin e Ahmed ibn Hanbelit: Na tregoi Abdullah ibn Muhamed ibn Ebi Shejbe, dhe e d\u00ebgjova nga Abdullah ibn Muhamed Ibn Ebi Shejbe q\u00eb tha: Na e tregoi Zejd ibn el-Hubab, m\u00eb tregoi el-Valid ibn el-Mughira el-Ma'afiri, m\u00eb tregoi Abdullah ibn Bishr el-Khat'ami, me autoritetin e babait t\u00eb tij, se e kishte d\u00ebgjuar Profetin, Zoti e bekoft\u00eb dhe i dh\u00ebnt\u00eb paqe, t\u00eb thoshte: "Kostandinopoja do t\u00eb pushtohet, dhe \u00e7far\u00eb komandanti i shk\u00eblqyer do t\u00eb jet\u00eb komandanti i saj, dhe \u00e7far\u00eb ushtrie e shk\u00eblqyer do t\u00eb jet\u00eb ajo ushtri." Njohja e k\u00ebtij hadithi u dha atyre forc\u00eb dhe guxim t\u00eb pashoq moral, dhe p\u00ebrhapja e dijetar\u00ebve midis ushtar\u00ebve pati nj\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb madh n\u00eb forcimin e vendosm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb tyre.

Kalaja e Rumeli Hisarit<\/strong>
P\u00ebrpara se t\u00eb pushtonte Kostandinopoj\u00ebn, Sulltani donte t\u00eb fortifikonte Ngushtic\u00ebn e Bosforit p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar p\u00ebrforcimet nga Mbret\u00ebria e Trebizondit. Ai e b\u00ebri k\u00ebt\u00eb duke nd\u00ebrtuar nj\u00eb k\u00ebshtjell\u00eb n\u00eb bregun e ngushtic\u00ebs, n\u00eb pik\u00ebn e saj m\u00eb t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb n\u00eb an\u00ebn evropiane, p\u00ebrball\u00eb k\u00ebshtjell\u00ebs s\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar gjat\u00eb mbret\u00ebrimit t\u00eb Sulltan Bajazitit n\u00eb an\u00ebn aziatike. Kur Perandori Bizantin d\u00ebgjoi p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, ai d\u00ebrgoi nj\u00eb ambasador te Sulltani duke i ofruar t'i paguante hara\u00e7in q\u00eb ai do t\u00eb vendoste. Pushtuesi e hodhi posht\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn dhe k\u00ebmb\u00ebnguli n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtim, i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb ushtarake t\u00eb vendit. Nj\u00eb k\u00ebshtjell\u00eb e lart\u00eb dhe e fortifikuar u p\u00ebrfundua m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, duke arritur nj\u00eb lart\u00ebsi prej 82 metrash. Ajo u quajt "K\u00ebshtjella e Rumelihisarit". T\u00eb dy k\u00ebshtjellat tani ishin p\u00ebrball\u00eb nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebs, t\u00eb ndara vet\u00ebm nga 660 metra. Ato kontrollonin kalimin e anijeve nga ana lindore e Bosforit n\u00eb an\u00ebn e saj per\u00ebndimore, dhe topat e tyre mund t\u00eb pengonin \u00e7do anije t\u00eb arrinte n\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00eb nga zonat n\u00eb lindje, t\u00eb tilla si Mbret\u00ebria e Trebizondit dhe vende t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb afta p\u00ebr t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur qytetin kur t\u00eb ishte e nevojshme. Sulltani gjithashtu vendosi nj\u00eb taks\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do anije q\u00eb kalonte brenda rrezes s\u00eb topave osman\u00eb t\u00eb instaluar n\u00eb fortes\u00eb. Kur nj\u00eb nga anijet veneciane refuzoi t\u00eb ndalonte pasi osman\u00ebt i dhan\u00eb disa sinjale, ajo u fundos vet\u00ebm me nj\u00eb t\u00eb sht\u00ebn\u00eb topi.

Prodhimi i topave dhe nd\u00ebrtimi i flot\u00ebs<\/strong>
Sulltani i kushtoi v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb montimit t\u00eb arm\u00ebve t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr pushtimin e Kostandinopoj\u00ebs, m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja topave, t\u00eb cil\u00ebve iu kushtua v\u00ebmendje e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. Ai solli nj\u00eb inxhinier hungarez t\u00eb quajtur Urban, i cili ishte mjesht\u00ebr i nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb topave. Urbani e priti ngroht\u00ebsisht, duke i siguruar t\u00eb gjitha burimet e nevojshme financiare, materiale dhe njer\u00ebzore. Ky inxhinier ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb projektonte dhe prodhonte disa topa masiv\u00eb, m\u00eb i njohuri i t\u00eb cilit ishte "Topi i Sulltanit", i cili thuhet se peshonte qindra ton dhe k\u00ebrkonte qindra qe t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm p\u00ebr t'u l\u00ebvizur. Vet\u00eb Sulltani mbik\u00ebqyri nd\u00ebrtimin dhe testimin e k\u00ebtyre topave.
P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj p\u00ebrgatitjeje, pushtuesi i kushtoi v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb flot\u00ebs osmane, duke e forcuar at\u00eb dhe duke e furnizuar me anije t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebr ta mund\u00ebsuar at\u00eb t\u00eb kryente rolin e saj n\u00eb sulmin ndaj Kostandinopoj\u00ebs, atij qyteti detar, rrethimi i t\u00eb cilit nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundonte pa pranin\u00eb e nj\u00eb force detare p\u00ebr t\u00eb kryer k\u00ebt\u00eb detyr\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb raportuar se anijet e p\u00ebrgatitura p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb mision num\u00ebronin nj\u00ebqind e tet\u00ebdhjet\u00eb anije, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjer\u00eb than\u00eb se ato num\u00ebronin m\u00eb shum\u00eb se kat\u00ebrqind anije.

lidh traktate<\/strong>
P\u00ebrpara sulmit t\u00eb tij ndaj Kostandinopoj\u00ebs, pushtuesi punoi p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur traktate me armiqt\u00eb e tij t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohej te nj\u00eb armik. Ai p\u00ebrfundoi nj\u00eb traktat me Principat\u00ebn e Galat\u00ebs, e cila ishte fqinje me Kostandinopoj\u00ebn n\u00eb lindje dhe e ndar\u00eb prej saj nga Briri i Art\u00eb. Ai gjithashtu p\u00ebrfundoi traktate me Gjenov\u00ebn dhe Venedikun, dy emirate fqinje evropiane. Megjithat\u00eb, k\u00ebto traktate nuk vun\u00eb n\u00eb fuqi kur filloi sulmi aktual ndaj Kostandinopoj\u00ebs, pasi forcat nga k\u00ebto qytete dhe t\u00eb tjera mb\u00ebrrit\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb mbrojtjen e qytetit.

Pozicioni i Perandorit Bizantin<\/strong>
Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa Sulltani po p\u00ebrgatitej p\u00ebr pushtimin, Perandori Bizantin po p\u00ebrpiqej me d\u00ebshp\u00ebrim ta dekurajonte nga q\u00ebllimi i tij, duke i ofruar para dhe dhurata t\u00eb ndryshme, si dhe duke u p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb korruptonte disa nga k\u00ebshilltar\u00ebt e tij p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndikuar n\u00eb vendimin e tij. Megjithat\u00eb, Sulltani ishte i vendosur ta zbatonte planin e tij dhe k\u00ebto \u00e7\u00ebshtje nuk e penguan at\u00eb nga q\u00ebllimi i tij. Kur Perandori Bizantin pa vendosm\u00ebrin\u00eb e fort\u00eb t\u00eb Sulltanit p\u00ebr ta zbatuar q\u00ebllimin e tij, ai k\u00ebrkoi ndihm\u00eb nga vende dhe qytete t\u00eb ndryshme evropiane, t\u00eb kryesuara nga Papa, udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi i sektit katolik. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, kishat e Perandoris\u00eb Bizantine, t\u00eb kryesuara nga Kostandinopoja, ishin t\u00eb lidhura me Kish\u00ebn Ortodokse dhe kishte armiq\u00ebsi t\u00eb fort\u00eb midis tyre. Perandori u detyrua ta lajkatonte Pap\u00ebn duke iu afruar atij dhe duke i treguar gatishm\u00ebrin\u00eb e tij p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb bashkuar kishat Lindore dhe Per\u00ebndimore, n\u00eb nj\u00eb koh\u00eb kur ortodoks\u00ebt nuk e donin k\u00ebt\u00eb. Papa m\u00eb pas d\u00ebrgoi nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues n\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00eb, ku predikoi n\u00eb Kish\u00ebn e Sh\u00ebn Sofis\u00eb, thirri Pap\u00ebn dhe njoftoi bashkimin e dy kishave. Kjo i zem\u00ebroi masat ortodokse n\u00eb qytet dhe i shtyu ata t\u00eb nisnin nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje kund\u00ebr k\u00ebtij veprimi t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt katolik-perandorak. Disa udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs ortodoks\u00eb madje than\u00eb: \u201cDo t\u00eb preferoja t\u00eb shihja \u00e7allma turke n\u00eb tokat bizantine sesa kapele latine.\u201d

T\u00eb zhvendosesh n\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00eb<\/strong>
Sulltani k\u00ebrkoi t\u00eb gjente nj\u00eb arsye p\u00ebr t'i hapur der\u00ebn luft\u00ebs, dhe shpejt e gjeti k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye n\u00eb sulmin e ushtar\u00ebve osman\u00eb ndaj disa fshatrave romake dhe n\u00eb mbrojtjen e tyre nga k\u00ebta t\u00eb fundit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb disa u vran\u00eb nga t\u00eb dyja an\u00ebt. Sulltani hapi rrug\u00ebn midis Edrenes\u00eb dhe Kostandinopoj\u00ebs p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr t\u00ebrheqjen e topave gjigant\u00eb p\u00ebrmes saj deri n\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00eb. Topat u zhvendos\u00ebn nga Edreneja n\u00eb af\u00ebrsi t\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00ebs brenda nj\u00eb periudhe prej dy muajsh, ku u mbrojt\u00ebn nga ushtria. Ushtrit\u00eb osmane, t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequra nga vet\u00eb pushtuesi, arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb periferi t\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00ebs t\u00eb enjten, m\u00eb 26 Rebi'ul-Awwal, 857 AH \/ 6 Prill, 1453 pas Krishtit. Ai mblodhi ushtar\u00ebt, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin rreth dyqind e pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb mij\u00eb ushtar\u00eb, ose nj\u00eb \u00e7erek milioni. Ai u mbajti nj\u00eb predikim t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm, duke i nxitur ata t\u00eb b\u00ebnin xhihad dhe t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin fitoren ose martirizimin. Ai u kujtoi atyre sakrific\u00ebn dhe t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn e luftimit kur p\u00ebrballeshin. Ai u lexoi atyre vargjet e Kuranit q\u00eb e inkurajojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb. Ai u p\u00ebrmendi atyre edhe hadithet e Profetit q\u00eb lajm\u00ebronin pushtimin e Kostandinopoj\u00ebs dhe virtytin e ushtris\u00eb pushtuese dhe komandantit t\u00eb saj, si dhe lavdin\u00eb e pushtimit t\u00eb saj p\u00ebr Islamin dhe mysliman\u00ebt. Ushtria menj\u00ebher\u00eb filloi t\u00eb lavd\u00ebronte, t\u00eb madh\u00ebronte dhe t\u00eb lutej.
K\u00ebshtu, Sulltani e rrethoi qytetin me ushtar\u00ebt e tij n\u00eb an\u00ebn tok\u00ebsore dhe me flot\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb an\u00ebn detare. Ai ngriti kat\u00ebrmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb bateri artilerie rreth qytetit, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat vendosi topat e m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb prodhuar nga Urbani, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt thuhej se kishin q\u00eblluar me sfera t\u00eb m\u00ebdha guri nj\u00eb milje larg. Gjat\u00eb rrethimit, u zbulua varri i Ebu Ejub el-Ansariut. Ai u martirizua kur rrethoi Kostandinopoj\u00ebn n\u00eb vitin 52 pas Hixhrit gjat\u00eb kalifatit t\u00eb Muawiyah ibn Ebi Sufjan el-Umawiut.

Rezistenca bizantine<\/strong>
N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb, bizantin\u00ebt kishin bllokuar hyrjet n\u00eb portin e Kostandinopoj\u00ebs me zinxhir\u00eb t\u00eb trash\u00eb hekuri, duke i penguar anijet osmane t\u00eb arrinin n\u00eb Bririn e Art\u00eb. Ata madje shkat\u00ebrruan \u00e7do anije q\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb afrohej. Megjithat\u00eb, flota osmane megjithat\u00eb ia doli t\u00eb pushtonte Ishujt e Princave n\u00eb Detin e Marmaras\u00eb.
Perandori Kostandin, perandori i fundit romak, k\u00ebrkoi ndihm\u00eb nga Evropa. Gjenovez\u00ebt iu p\u00ebrgjigj\u00ebn, duke i d\u00ebrguar pes\u00eb anije t\u00eb komanduara nga komandanti gjenovez Giustiniani, t\u00eb shoq\u00ebruara nga 700 luft\u00ebtar\u00eb vullnetar\u00eb nga vende t\u00eb ndryshme evropiane. Komandanti mb\u00ebrriti me anijet e tij dhe kishte nd\u00ebrmend t\u00eb hynte n\u00eb portin e Kostandinopoj\u00ebs, por anijet osmane i nd\u00ebrpren\u00eb ato dhe nj\u00eb betej\u00eb masive shp\u00ebrtheu m\u00eb 11 Rabi' al-Thani, 857 AH (21 prill 1453 pas Krishtit). Beteja p\u00ebrfundoi me fitoren e Giustinianit, duke i lejuar atij t\u00eb hynte n\u00eb port pasi rrethuesit hoq\u00ebn zinxhir\u00ebt e hekurt dhe m\u00eb pas i rivendos\u00ebn ato pasi anijet evropiane kishin kaluar andej. Forcat detare osmane u p\u00ebrpoq\u00ebn t\u00eb anashkalonin zinxhir\u00ebt masiv\u00eb q\u00eb kontrollonin hyrjen n\u00eb Bririn e Art\u00eb dhe t\u00eb arrinin anijet myslimane. Ata q\u00eblluan drejt anijeve evropiane dhe bizantine, por fillimisht d\u00ebshtuan, duke rritur moralin midis mbrojt\u00ebsve t\u00eb qytetit.

Flota u transferua n\u00eb rrug\u00eb tok\u00ebsore dhe bllokada u p\u00ebrfundua.<\/strong>
Sulltani filloi t\u00eb mendonte p\u00ebr nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb futur anijet e tij n\u00eb port p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar rrethimin nga toka dhe deti. Nj\u00eb ide e \u00e7uditshme i lindi n\u00eb mendje, e cila ishte t\u00eb transportonte anijet n\u00eb tok\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ato t\u00eb kalonin n\u00ebp\u00ebr zinxhir\u00ebt e vendosur p\u00ebr t'i penguar ato. Kjo gj\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme u b\u00eb duke e rrafshuar tok\u00ebn brenda pak or\u00ebsh, dhe u soll\u00ebn d\u00ebrrasa druri, t\u00eb lyera me vaj dhe yndyr\u00eb, dhe pastaj u vendos\u00ebn n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e shtruar n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb leht\u00ebsonte rr\u00ebshqitjen dhe t\u00ebrheqjen e anijeve. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, ishte e mundur t\u00eb transportoheshin rreth shtat\u00ebdhjet\u00eb anije dhe t\u00eb zbarkoheshin n\u00eb Bririn e Art\u00eb, duke i z\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb befasi bizantin\u00ebt.
Banor\u00ebt e qytetit u zgjuan m\u00ebngjesin e 22 prillit dhe pan\u00eb anije osmane q\u00eb kontrollonin rrug\u00ebn ujore. Nuk kishte m\u00eb nj\u00eb barrier\u00eb ujore midis mbrojt\u00ebsve t\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00ebs dhe ushtar\u00ebve osman\u00eb. Nj\u00eb historian bizantin shprehu habin\u00eb e tyre p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb akt, duke th\u00ebn\u00eb: "Nuk kemi par\u00eb ose d\u00ebgjuar kurr\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb gj\u00eb kaq t\u00eb mrekullueshme. Mehmeti Pushtuesi e kthen tok\u00ebn n\u00eb dete dhe anijet e tij lundrojn\u00eb mbi maja malesh n\u00eb vend t\u00eb val\u00ebve. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb akt, Mehmeti II e tejkaloi Aleksandrin e Madh." T\u00eb rrethuarit e kuptuan se fitorja osmane ishte e pashmangshme, por vendosm\u00ebria e tyre nuk u zbeh. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, ata u b\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vendosur p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur qytetin e tyre deri n\u00eb vdekje. M\u00eb 15 t\u00eb Jumada al-Ula n\u00eb vitin 857 AH \/ 24 maj 1453 pas Krishtit, Sulltan Mehmeti i d\u00ebrgoi nj\u00eb let\u00ebr Perandorit Kostandin n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn i b\u00ebnte thirrje q\u00eb ta dor\u00ebzonte qytetin pa gjakderdhje. Ai ofroi t\u00eb sigurohej q\u00eb ai, familja e tij, ndihm\u00ebsit e tij dhe t\u00eb gjith\u00eb banor\u00ebt e qytetit q\u00eb d\u00ebshironin t\u00eb shkonin kudo q\u00eb t\u00eb donin t\u00eb sigurt, dhe se gjakderdhja n\u00eb qytet do t\u00eb kursehej dhe se ata nuk do t\u00eb ekspozoheshin ndaj asnj\u00eb d\u00ebmtimi. Ai u dha atyre mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndronin n\u00eb qytet ose t\u00eb largoheshin prej tij. Kur letra i arriti perandorit, ai mblodhi k\u00ebshilltar\u00ebt e tij dhe ua paraqiti \u00e7\u00ebshtjen. Disa prej tyre ishin t\u00eb prirur t\u00eb dor\u00ebzoheshin, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjer\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebngul\u00ebn t\u00eb vazhdonin ta mbronin qytetin deri n\u00eb vdekje. Perandori ishte i prirur nga mendimi i atyre q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesnin luft\u00ebn deri n\u00eb momentin e fundit. Perandori iu p\u00ebrgjigj lajm\u00ebtarit t\u00eb pushtuesit me nj\u00eb let\u00ebr n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn tha: "Ai fal\u00ebnderon Zotin q\u00eb sulltani \u00ebsht\u00eb i prirur drejt paqes dhe se \u00ebsht\u00eb i k\u00ebnaqur t'i paguaj\u00eb hara\u00e7. Sa i p\u00ebrket Kostandinopoj\u00ebs, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb betuar ta mbroj\u00eb at\u00eb deri n\u00eb frym\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb fundit. Ai ose do ta ruaj\u00eb fronin e tij ose do t\u00eb varroset n\u00ebn muret e saj." Kur letra i arriti pushtuesit, ai tha: "Shum\u00eb mir\u00eb, s\u00eb shpejti do t\u00eb kem nj\u00eb fron n\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00eb ose nj\u00eb varr atje."

Pushtimi i Kostandinopoj\u00ebs<\/strong>
N\u00eb agim t\u00eb s\u00eb mart\u00ebs, m\u00eb 20 t\u00eb Xhumada el-Ula 857 AH \/ 29 maj 1453 pas Krishtit, Sulltani osman kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitjet e tij t\u00eb fundit, duke shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb forcat e tij dhe duke grumbulluar af\u00ebrsisht 100,000 luft\u00ebtar\u00eb p\u00ebrpara Port\u00ebs s\u00eb Art\u00eb. Ai mobilizoi 50,000 n\u00eb krahun e majt\u00eb dhe Sulltani ishte vendosur n\u00eb qend\u00ebr me ushtar\u00ebt jeni\u00e7er\u00eb. 70 anije u mblodh\u00ebn n\u00eb port dhe sulmi filloi nga toka dhe deti. Flak\u00ebt e betej\u00ebs u intensifikuan dhe zhurma e topave p\u00ebrshkoi qiellin, duke shkaktuar panik n\u00eb shpirtra. Britmat e ushtar\u00ebve "Allahu Ekber" trondit\u00ebn vendin dhe jehona e tyre mund t\u00eb d\u00ebgjohej nga kilometra larg. Mbrojt\u00ebsit e qytetit po jepnin gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb kishin p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur qytetin. Vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb or\u00eb kaloi hendeku i madh p\u00ebrpara murit t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm dhe u mbush me mij\u00ebra t\u00eb vdekur.
Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtij sulmi t\u00eb t\u00ebrbuar, Justiniani u plagos n\u00eb krah dhe n\u00eb kofsh\u00eb dhe rrjedhi gjak me shumic\u00eb. Ai u t\u00ebrhoq p\u00ebr trajtim pavar\u00ebsisht lutjeve t\u00eb perandorit p\u00ebr t\u00eb q\u00ebndruar, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb trim\u00ebris\u00eb dhe aft\u00ebsive t\u00eb tij t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme n\u00eb mbrojtjen e qytetit. Osman\u00ebt dyfishuan p\u00ebrpjekjet e tyre dhe nxituan shkall\u00ebt e tyre drejt mureve, t\u00eb pashqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr vdekjen q\u00eb po u priste. Nj\u00eb grup jeni\u00e7er\u00ebsh u hodh\u00ebn n\u00eb maj\u00eb t\u00eb murit, t\u00eb ndjekur nga luft\u00ebtar\u00eb, me shigjetat e tyre q\u00eb i shponin. Por kjo nuk pati sukses, pasi osman\u00ebt arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb v\u00ebrshonin n\u00eb qytet. Flota osmane ia doli t\u00eb hiqte zinxhir\u00ebt e hekurt q\u00eb ishin vendosur n\u00eb hyrje t\u00eb gjirit. Osman\u00ebt v\u00ebrshuan n\u00eb qytet, i cili ishte kapluar nga paniku, dhe mbrojt\u00ebsit e tij ik\u00ebn nga \u00e7do drejtim. Vet\u00ebm tre or\u00eb pas fillimit t\u00eb sulmit, qyteti i fuqish\u00ebm ishte n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebt e pushtuesve. Sulltani hyri n\u00eb qytet n\u00eb mesdit\u00eb dhe i gjeti ushtar\u00ebt t\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb me pla\u00e7kitje dhe aktivitete t\u00eb tjera. Ai dha urdhra p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar \u00e7do agresion dhe siguria mbizot\u00ebroi menj\u00ebher\u00eb.

Muhamed el-Fatih n\u00eb Medin\u00eb<\/strong>
Kur Mehmeti Pushtuesi hyri n\u00eb qytet fitimtar, ai zbriti nga kali dhe u p\u00ebrkul n\u00eb shenj\u00eb mir\u00ebnjohjeje ndaj Zotit p\u00ebr fitoren dhe suksesin e tij. Pastaj u drejtua p\u00ebr n\u00eb Kish\u00ebn e Sh\u00ebn Sofis\u00eb, ku ishin mbledhur populli bizantin dhe murgjit. Kur iu afrua portave t\u00eb saj, t\u00eb krishter\u00ebt brenda ishin jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb frik\u00ebsuar. Nj\u00eb nga murgjit i hapi portat, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb i k\u00ebrkoi murgut t'i qet\u00ebsonte njer\u00ebzit dhe t'i qet\u00ebsonte ata dhe t\u00eb ktheheshin sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb e mir\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpit\u00eb e tyre. Njer\u00ebzit u qet\u00ebsuan dhe disa nga murgjit ishin fshehur n\u00eb bodrumet e kish\u00ebs. Kur pan\u00eb toleranc\u00ebn dhe faljen e Pushtuesit, dol\u00ebn dhe deklaruan konvertimin e tyre n\u00eb Islam. Pushtuesi m\u00eb pas urdh\u00ebroi q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhej thirrja p\u00ebr namaz n\u00eb kish\u00eb, duke e shpallur at\u00eb xhami. Sulltani u dha t\u00eb krishter\u00ebve lirin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kryer ritet fetare dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjedhur udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit e tyre fetar\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kishin t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t\u00eb vendosnin n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet civile. Ai ua dha k\u00ebt\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb edhe klerik\u00ebve n\u00eb provinca t\u00eb tjera, por n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb ua imponoi xhizjen t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve. Pastaj mblodhi klerin e krishter\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjedhur nj\u00eb patriark. Ata zgjodh\u00ebn Georgios Curtisius Scholarius dhe u dhan\u00eb atyre gjysm\u00ebn e kishave t\u00eb qytetit, nd\u00ebrsa gjysm\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr e caktuan si xhami p\u00ebr mysliman\u00ebt. Pasi qyteti u pushtua plot\u00ebsisht, Sulltan Mehmeti e zhvendosi kryeqytetin n\u00eb qytet, duke e riem\u00ebruar at\u00eb "Stamboll", q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb "froni i Islamit" ose "qyteti i Islamit". Pas k\u00ebtij pushtimi, Sulltan Mehmetit iu dha titulli Sulltan Mehmeti Pushtuesi.

Pse ishim t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer<\/strong>
Nga libri Dit\u00eb t\u00eb Paharrueshme nga Tamer Badr\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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