{"id":21970,"date":"2025-03-27T12:24:15","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:24:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21970"},"modified":"2025-04-20T08:59:21","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T08:59:21","slug":"jhgk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/archives\/21970","title":{"rendered":"B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Tours"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"21970\" class=\"elementor elementor-21970\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7209d7b6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7209d7b6\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35c8249d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35c8249d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"x1cy8zhl x2bj2ny x78zum5 x1q0g3np\"><div class=\"x1iyjqo2\"><div class=\"x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u\"><div class=\"xu06os2 x1ok221b\"><h1 class=\"html-div xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1q0g3np\"><span class=\"html-span xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1hl2dhg x16tdsg8 x1vvkbs\"><span class=\"html-span xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1hl2dhg x16tdsg8 x1vvkbs x4k7w5x x1h91t0o x1h9r5lt x1jfb8zj xv2umb2 x1beo9mf xaigb6o x12ejxvf x3igimt xarpa2k xedcshv x1lytzrv x1t2pt76 x7ja8zs x1qrby5j\">17 martie 2019<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div><div><div class=\"x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx x2lwn1j xeuugli x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz xjyslct xjbqb8w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x3nfvp2 xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x3ajldb x194ut8o x1vzenxt xd7ygy7 xt298gk x1xhcax0 x1s928wv x10pfhc2 x1j6awrg x1v53gu8 x1tfg27r xitxdhh\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-haspopup=\"menu\" aria-label=\"Ac\u021biuni de \u00eentreprins pentru aceast\u0103 postare\"><div class=\"x1ey2m1c xds687c x17qophe xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h xzolkzo x12go9s9 x1rnf11y xprq8jg\" role=\"none\" data-visualcompletion=\"ignore\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><h1 class=\"xyinxu5 x4uap5 x1g2khh7 xkhd6sd\"><span class=\"x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u\" dir=\"auto\"><strong>B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Tours<\/strong><br class=\"html-br\" \/><br class=\"html-br\" \/>Teroristul cre\u0219tin care a ucis musulmani ne\u00eenarma\u021bi \u00eentr-o moschee din Noua Zeeland\u0103 avea scris pe \u021beava pu\u0219tii sale \u201eCharles Martel\u201d. Aceasta indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 este un bun cititor de istorie. Din p\u0103cate, noi, musulmanii, nu citim istoria noastr\u0103, iar cea mai mare parte a ei nu este predat\u0103 \u00een \u0219colile noastre. O parte din istoria noastr\u0103 este distorsionat\u0103, fie inten\u021bionat, fie din ignoran\u021b\u0103. Prin urmare, trebuie s\u0103 cunoa\u0219tem istoria noastr\u0103 \u0219i povestea lui Charles Martel, al c\u0103rui nume este scris pe pu\u0219ca care a ucis musulmani ne\u00eenarma\u021bi.<br class=\"html-br\" \/><br class=\"html-br\" \/>B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Tours, cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i sub numele de B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Poitiers, a avut loc \u00eentre for\u021bele musulmane conduse de Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi \u0219i for\u021bele france conduse de Charles Martel. Musulmanii au fost \u00eenfr\u00e2n\u021bi \u00een aceast\u0103 b\u0103t\u0103lie, iar comandantul lor a fost ucis. Aceast\u0103 \u00eenfr\u00e2ngere a oprit \u00eenaintarea musulman\u0103 spre inima Europei.<br class=\"html-br\" \/><br class=\"html-br\" \/><strong>\u00eenainte de lupt\u0103<\/strong><br class=\"html-br\" \/>\u00cen anul 112 AH \/ 730 d.Hr., Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi a fost numit guvernator al Andaluziei. El a \u00een\u0103bu\u0219it revoltele din Andaluzia dintre arabi \u0219i berberi \u0219i a lucrat pentru \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea securit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i a situa\u021biei culturale a \u021b\u0103rii.<br class=\"html-br\" \/>Totu\u0219i, aceast\u0103 stabilitate \u0219i ordine care se instalase \u00een Andaluzia au fost afectate de mi\u0219c\u0103rile francilor \u0219i go\u021bilor \u0219i de preg\u0103tirile lor de a ataca pozi\u021biile islamice din nord. Un om precum Al-Ghafiqi, un mare credincios \u0219i lupt\u0103tor, nu putea r\u0103m\u00e2ne t\u0103cut. Amintirile \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerii de la Tolosha \u00eenc\u0103 \u00eel b\u00e2ntuiau \u0219i a\u0219tepta ocazia potrivit\u0103 pentru a-i \u0219terge efectele. Acum c\u0103 venise, trebuia s\u0103 o profite \u0219i s\u0103 se preg\u0103teasc\u0103 pentru ea \u00een cel mai bun mod posibil. \u0218i-a declarat inten\u021bia de a cuceri, iar lupt\u0103torii s-au adunat \u00een jurul lui din toate direc\u021biile p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd au ajuns la cincizeci de mii de oameni.<br class=\"html-br\" \/><br class=\"html-br\" \/><strong>Itinerariul campaniei<\/strong><br class=\"html-br\" \/>La \u00eenceputul anului 114 AH \/ 732 d.Hr., Abd al-Rahman \u0219i-a adunat trupele la Pamplona, la nord de Andaluzia, a traversat Mun\u021bii Albert cu ele \u0219i a intrat \u00een Fran\u021ba (Galia). S-a \u00eendreptat spre sud, c\u0103tre ora\u0219ul Aral, situat pe r\u00e2ul Ron, deoarece acesta refuza s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 tribut \u0219i nu i se supusese. L-a cucerit dup\u0103 o b\u0103t\u0103lie uria\u0219\u0103. Apoi s-a \u00eendreptat spre vest, c\u0103tre Ducatul Aquitaniei, \u0219i a ob\u021binut o victorie decisiv\u0103 pe malurile r\u00e2ului Dordogne, sf\u00e2\u0219iindu-i armata. Ducele Odo a fost for\u021bat s\u0103 se retrag\u0103 cu for\u021bele sale spre nord, l\u0103s\u00e2nd capitala sa, Bordeaux, pentru ca musulmanii s\u0103 intre ca cuceritori. Statul Aquitania era complet \u00een m\u00e2inile musulmanilor. Al-Ghafiqi s-a \u00eendreptat spre r\u00e2ul Loara \u0219i s-a \u00eendreptat spre ora\u0219ul Tours, al doilea ora\u0219 al ducatului, care con\u021binea Biserica Saint-Martin, extrem de faimoas\u0103 la acea vreme. Musulmanii au luat cu asalt ora\u0219ul \u0219i l-au preluat.<br class=\"html-br\" \/>Ducele Odo nu a avut de ales dec\u00e2t s\u0103 cear\u0103 ajutorul statului merovingian, ale c\u0103rui afaceri se aflau \u00een m\u00e2inile lui Carol Martel. Acesta a r\u0103spuns apelului \u0219i s-a gr\u0103bit s\u0103-i ajute, nepreocup\u00e2ndu-se anterior de mi\u0219c\u0103rile musulmane din sudul Fran\u021bei din cauza disputei care existase \u00eentre el \u0219i Odo, ducele de Aquitania.<br class=\"html-br\" \/><br class=\"html-br\" \/><strong>Preg\u0103tirea francez\u0103<\/strong><br class=\"html-br\" \/>Carol Martel a g\u0103sit \u00een cererea sa de ajutor o oportunitate de a-\u0219i extinde influen\u021ba asupra Aquitaniei, care se afla \u00een m\u00e2inile rivalului s\u0103u, \u0219i de a opri cucerirea musulman\u0103 dup\u0103 ce aceasta \u00eencepuse s\u0103-l amenin\u021be. A ac\u021bionat imediat \u0219i nu a precupe\u021bit niciun efort \u00een preg\u0103tire. A trimis solda\u021bi de pretutindeni \u0219i a fost \u00eent\u00e2mpinat de solda\u021bi puternici \u0219i duri care luptau aproape goi, pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 propriii s\u0103i solda\u021bi, care erau puternici \u0219i experimenta\u021bi \u00een r\u0103zboaie \u0219i calamit\u0103\u021bi. Dup\u0103 ce Carol Martel \u0219i-a terminat preg\u0103tirile, a pornit cu imensa sa armat\u0103, care era mai numeroas\u0103 dec\u00e2t armata musulman\u0103, zguduind p\u0103m\u00e2ntul cu un cutremur, iar c\u00e2mpiile Fran\u021bei au r\u0103sunat de sunetele \u0219i zarvele solda\u021bilor p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd a ajuns \u00een paji\u0219tile sudice ale r\u00e2ului Loara.<\/span><\/h1><h1 class=\"xyinxu5 x4uap5 x1g2khh7 xkhd6sd\"><span class=\"x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u\" dir=\"auto\"><br class=\"html-br\" \/><strong>B\u0103t\u0103lia<\/strong><br class=\"html-br\" \/>Armata musulman\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i terminase \u00eenaintarea spre c\u00e2mpia dintre Poitiers \u0219i Tours, dup\u0103 ce capturase cele dou\u0103 ora\u0219e. \u00cen acel moment, armata lui Carol Martel ajunsese la Loara f\u0103r\u0103 ca musulmanii s\u0103 observe sosirea avangardei sale. C\u00e2nd Al-Ghafiqi a vrut s\u0103 ia cu asalt r\u00e2ul Loara pentru a-\u0219i \u00eent\u00e2lni adversarul pe malul drept \u00eenainte ca acesta s\u0103-\u0219i fi terminat preg\u0103tirile, Martel l-a surprins cu for\u021bele sale masive, care dep\u0103\u0219eau numeric armata musulman\u0103. Abd al-Rahman a fost for\u021bat s\u0103 se retrag\u0103 \u00een c\u00e2mpia dintre Poitiers \u0219i Tours. Carol a traversat r\u00e2ul Loara cu for\u021bele sale \u0219i a tab\u0103rat cu armata sa la c\u00e2\u021biva kilometri de armata lui Al-Ghafiqi.<br class=\"html-br\" \/>B\u0103t\u0103lia a avut loc pe acea c\u00e2mpie dintre cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi. Loca\u021bia exact\u0103 a c\u00e2mpului de lupt\u0103 este necunoscut\u0103, de\u0219i unele relat\u0103ri sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 a avut loc \u00een apropierea unui drum roman care lega Poitiers de Chatel, \u00eentr-un loc la aproximativ dou\u0103zeci de kilometri nord-est de Poitiers numit Al-Balat, cuv\u00e2nt care \u00een Andaluzia \u00eenseamn\u0103 un palat sau o fort\u0103rea\u021b\u0103 \u00eenconjurat\u0103 de gr\u0103dini. Prin urmare, b\u0103t\u0103lia a fost numit\u0103 \u00een sursele arabe Al-Balat Al-Shuhada (Palatul Martirilor) datorit\u0103 num\u0103rului mare de musulmani care au fost martiriza\u021bi \u00een ea. \u00cen sursele europene, este numit\u0103 B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Tours-Poitiers.<br class=\"html-br\" \/>Luptele au izbucnit \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului Sha&#039;ban 114 AH \/ octombrie 732 d.Hr. \u0219i au continuat timp de nou\u0103 zile p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eenceputul Ramadanului, f\u0103r\u0103 ca niciuna dintre p\u0103r\u021bi s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 o victorie decisiv\u0103.<br class=\"html-br\" \/>\u00cen a zecea zi, a izbucnit o b\u0103t\u0103lie uria\u0219\u0103, iar ambele p\u0103r\u021bi au dat dovad\u0103 de cel mai mare curaj, rezisten\u021b\u0103 \u0219i statornicie, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd francii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 oboseasc\u0103, iar semnele victoriei au ap\u0103rut pentru musulmani. Cre\u0219tinii \u0219tiau c\u0103 armata islamic\u0103 avea multe prade pe care le ob\u021binuse din b\u0103t\u0103liile sale din timpul \u00eenaint\u0103rii din Andaluzia spre Poitiers, iar aceste pr\u0103zi \u00eei \u00eempov\u0103rau pe musulmani. Arabii aveau obiceiul s\u0103 le care prada cu ei, plas\u00e2ndu-o \u00een spatele armatei lor, protejat\u0103 de o garnizoan\u0103. Cre\u0219tinii au \u00een\u021beles acest lucru \u0219i au reu\u0219it s\u0103-i loveasc\u0103 pe musulmani concentr\u00e2ndu-se pe aceast\u0103 parte. I-au ocupat din spate din partea garnizoanei \u00eens\u0103rcinate cu paza pr\u0103zii. Musulmanii nu \u0219i-au dat seama de planul cre\u0219tinilor, a\u0219a c\u0103 unele dintre diviziile lor s-au \u00eentors pentru a proteja pr\u0103zile \u0219i astfel sistemul armatei islamice a fost perturbat, deoarece o divizie s-a \u00eentors pentru a proteja prada, iar alta a luptat \u00eempotriva cre\u0219tinilor din fa\u021b\u0103. R\u00e2ndurile musulmanilor au fost tulburate, iar ruptura prin care francii au p\u0103truns s-a l\u0103rgit.<br class=\"html-br\" \/>Al-Ghafiqi a \u00eencercat s\u0103 restabileasc\u0103 ordinea, s\u0103 preia controlul asupra situa\u021biei \u0219i s\u0103 re\u00eenvie entuziasmul \u00een r\u00e2ndul solda\u021bilor s\u0103i, dar moartea nu l-a ajutat dup\u0103 ce a fost lovit de o s\u0103geat\u0103 r\u0103t\u0103cit\u0103 care i-a luat via\u021ba \u0219i a c\u0103zut ca martir pe c\u00e2mpul de lupt\u0103. R\u00e2ndurile musulmane au devenit mai dezordonate, iar panica s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een armat\u0103. Dac\u0103 nu ar fi existat r\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021bele de statornicie, credin\u021ba fervent\u0103 \u0219i dorin\u021ba de victorie, un mare dezastru s-ar fi ab\u0103tut asupra musulmanilor \u00een fa\u021ba unei armate care \u00eei dep\u0103\u0219ea numeric. Musulmanii au a\u0219teptat p\u00e2n\u0103 la c\u0103derea nop\u021bii, apoi au profitat de ocazia \u00eentunericului \u0219i s-au retras \u00een Septimania, l\u0103s\u00e2ndu-\u0219i bunurile \u0219i cea mai mare parte a pr\u0103zii ca prad\u0103 pentru inamic.<br class=\"html-br\" \/>C\u00e2nd a venit diminea\u021ba, francii s-au ridicat s\u0103 continue lupta, dar nu au g\u0103sit niciun musulman. Nu au g\u0103sit dec\u00e2t lini\u0219te deplin\u0103 \u00een loc, a\u0219a c\u0103 au \u00eenaintat cu pruden\u021b\u0103 spre corturi, sper\u00e2nd c\u0103 exist\u0103 o tertip. Le-au g\u0103sit goale, cu excep\u021bia r\u0103ni\u021bilor care nu se puteau mi\u0219ca. I-au m\u0103cel\u0103rit imediat, iar Carol Martel a fost mul\u021bumit de retragerea musulmanilor. Nu a \u00eendr\u0103znit s\u0103-i urm\u0103reasc\u0103 \u0219i s-a \u00eentors cu armata sa \u00een nord, de unde venise.<br class=\"html-br\" \/><br class=\"html-br\" \/><strong>Motivele \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerii<\/strong><br class=\"html-br\" \/>Mai mul\u021bi factori s-au combinat pentru a duce la acest rezultat ru\u0219inos, inclusiv:<br class=\"html-br\" \/>1- Musulmanii c\u0103l\u0103toriser\u0103 mii de kilometri de c\u00e2nd p\u0103r\u0103siser\u0103 Andaluzia \u0219i erau epuiza\u021bi de r\u0103zboaiele continue din Fran\u021ba \u0219i erau extenua\u021bi de mar\u0219 \u0219i mi\u0219care. Pe parcursul acestei c\u0103l\u0103torii, nu au ajuns \u00eent\u0103riri pentru a re\u00eennoi vitalitatea armatei \u0219i a o ajuta \u00een misiunea sa, deoarece distan\u021ba dintre ei \u0219i centrul Califatului din Damasc era mare. A\u0219adar, \u00een mar\u0219ul lor prin regiunile Fran\u021bei, au fost mai aproape de pove\u0219ti mitice dec\u00e2t de evenimente istorice. Cordoba, capitala Andaluziei, nu a putut ajuta armata, deoarece mul\u021bi dintre cuceritorii arabi erau dispersa\u021bi \u00een regiunile sale.<br class=\"html-br\" \/>2- Dorin\u021ba musulmanilor de a proteja prada. Dumnezeu Atotputernicul spune \u00een Nobila Sa Carte: \u201eO, omenire, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, promisiunea lui Dumnezeu este adev\u0103r, a\u0219a c\u0103 nu l\u0103sa\u021bi via\u021ba lumeasc\u0103 s\u0103 v\u0103 am\u0103geasc\u0103 \u0219i nu v\u0103 l\u0103sa\u021bi \u00een\u0219ela\u021bi \u00een privin\u021ba lui Dumnezeu de c\u0103tre \u00cen\u0219el\u0103tor.\u201d [Fatir: 5] Este de remarcat faptul c\u0103 musulmanii au fost \u00een\u0219ela\u021bi de aceast\u0103 via\u021b\u0103 lumeasc\u0103 care le-a fost deschis\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 au concurat pentru ea. S-a relatat de la Mesagerul lui Allah, pace \u0219i binecuv\u00e2nt\u0103ri asupra lui, \u00een hadith-ul relatat de Al-Bukhari \u0219i Muslim pe autoritatea lui Amr ibn Awf Al-Ansari, fie ca Allah s\u0103 fie mul\u021bumit de el, c\u0103 Mesagerul lui Allah, pace \u0219i binecuv\u00e2nt\u0103ri asupra lui, a spus: \u201ePe Allah, nu m\u0103 tem de s\u0103r\u0103cie pentru voi, ci m\u0103 tem c\u0103 lumea v\u0103 va fi u\u0219oar\u0103 a\u0219a cum a fost u\u0219oar\u0103 celor care au venit \u00eenaintea voastr\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 ve\u021bi concura pentru ea a\u0219a cum au concurat ei pentru ea \u0219i c\u0103 v\u0103 va distruge a\u0219a cum i-a distrus pe ei.\u201d<br class=\"html-br\" \/>Legea lui Dumnezeu Atotputernic cu crea\u021bia Sa este c\u0103, dac\u0103 lumea este deschis\u0103 musulmanilor \u0219i ace\u0219tia concureaz\u0103 pentru ea a\u0219a cum na\u021biunile dinaintea lor au concurat pentru ea, atunci \u00eei va distruge \u0219i pe ei, la fel cum a distrus \u0219i pe acele na\u021biuni anterioare. Dumnezeu Atotputernic spune: \u201eNu ve\u021bi g\u0103si niciodat\u0103 nicio schimbare pe calea lui Dumnezeu \u0219i nu ve\u021bi g\u0103si niciodat\u0103 nicio alterare pe calea lui Dumnezeu\u201d (Fatir: 43).<br class=\"html-br\" \/><br class=\"html-br\" \/><strong>Rezultatele b\u0103t\u0103liei<\/strong><br class=\"html-br\" \/>S-au spus multe despre aceast\u0103 b\u0103t\u0103lie, iar istoricii europeni au \u00eenconjurat-o cu un interes exagerat, trat\u00e2nd-o ca pe o b\u0103t\u0103lie decisiv\u0103. Secretul interesului lor este clar; majoritatea dintre ei consider\u0103 c\u0103 a salvat Europa. Edward Gibbon, \u00een cartea sa \u201eDeclinul Imperiului Roman\u201d, spune despre aceast\u0103 b\u0103t\u0103lie: \u201eEa i-a salvat pe p\u0103rin\u021bii no\u0219tri britanici \u0219i pe vecinii no\u0219tri francezi de jugul Coranului civil \u0219i religios, a p\u0103strat gloria Romei \u0219i a \u00eent\u0103rit hot\u0103r\u00e2rea cre\u0219tinismului\u201d.<br class=\"html-br\" \/>Sir Edward Creasey spune: \u201eMarea victorie ob\u021binut\u0103 de Charles Martel asupra arabilor \u00een anul 732 d.Hr. a pus cap\u0103t decisiv cuceririlor arabe din Europa de Vest \u0219i a salvat cre\u0219tinismul de islam.\u201d<br class=\"html-br\" \/>Un alt grup de istorici modera\u021bi consider\u0103 aceast\u0103 victorie ca pe o mare catastrof\u0103 care a lovit Europa, lipsind-o de civiliza\u021bie \u0219i cultur\u0103. Gustave Le Bon spune \u00een celebra sa carte, *Civiliza\u021bia arabilor*, pe care Adel Zuaiter a tradus-o \u00een arab\u0103 cu precizie \u0219i elocven\u021b\u0103: \u201eDac\u0103 arabii ar fi preluat Fran\u021ba, atunci Parisul ar fi devenit precum Cordoba \u00een Spania, un centru al civiliza\u021biei \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021bei, unde omul str\u0103zii putea citi, scrie \u0219i uneori chiar compune poezie, \u00eentr-o perioad\u0103 \u00een care regii Europei nu \u00ee\u0219i puteau scrie propriile nume.\u201d<br class=\"html-br\" \/>Dup\u0103 B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Tours, musulmanilor nu li s-a mai oferit ocazia s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 \u00een inima Europei. Ace\u0219tia au fost afecta\u021bi de divizare \u0219i de izbucnirea conflictelor, \u00eentr-un moment \u00een care for\u021bele cre\u0219tine erau unite \u0219i a \u00eenceput ceea ce ei numeau mi\u0219carea de recucerire, prin ocuparea ora\u0219elor \u0219i bazelor aflate \u00een m\u00e2inile musulmanilor \u00een Andaluzia.<br class=\"html-br\" \/><br class=\"html-br\" \/><strong>De ce am fost grozavi<\/strong><br class=\"html-br\" \/>Cartea (Zile de neuitat... Pagini importante din istoria islamic\u0103) de Tamer Badr\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>17 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2019 \u00a0 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":21971,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","inline_featured_image":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-21970","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-115"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21970","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21970"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21970\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21971"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21970"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21970"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21970"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}