{"id":21943,"date":"2025-03-27T12:05:10","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:05:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21943"},"modified":"2025-04-20T09:17:43","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T09:17:43","slug":"fdgds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/ro\/archives\/21943","title":{"rendered":"Cuceririle Italiei"},"content":{"rendered":"
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27 februarie 2019<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Cuceririle Italiei<\/strong>

Musulmanii au invadat ora\u0219ul Caesar de dou\u0103 ori \u0219i, din p\u0103cate, exist\u0103 pu\u021bine informa\u021bii \u00een sursele islamice despre aceste invazii \u0219i altele similare. Acest lucru se datoreaz\u0103 faptului c\u0103 majoritatea acestor invazii au fost conduse de mujahedini voluntari, independen\u021bi de autoritatea califatului. Acest lucru i-a l\u0103sat pe istoricii musulmani f\u0103r\u0103 cuno\u0219tin\u021b\u0103 de majoritatea acestor fapte eroice \u0219i cuceriri. Majoritatea informa\u021biilor despre aceste invazii provin din surse europene.

Esen\u021ba acestei mari epopei este c\u0103 mujahedinii voluntari au decis, dup\u0103 ce s-au consultat \u00eentre ei, s\u0103 invadeze ora\u0219ul Roma. Ace\u0219tia au prezentat ideea guvernului Siciliei \u0219i guvernatorului acesteia, Al-Fadl ibn Ja`far Al-Hamadhani. Acesta, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, a sesizat problema prin\u021bului aghlabid de la acea vreme, Abu al-Abbas Muhammad ibn al-Aghlab. Acesta a apreciat ideea \u0219i le-a oferit mujahedinilor cantit\u0103\u021bi mari de echipament, provizii \u0219i oameni. Campania naval\u0103 a \u00eenceput \u00een anul 231 AH \/ 846 d.Hr. spre coastele Italiei, p\u00e2n\u0103 la gura de v\u0103rsare a r\u00e2ului Tiber, unde se afl\u0103 Roma, la cap\u0103tul acestui r\u00e2u. La acea vreme, zidurile ora\u0219ului Roma nu cuprindeau \u00eentregul ora\u0219 vechi. Mai degrab\u0103, cartierul religios, care con\u021binea faimoasele biserici Petru \u0219i Pavel \u0219i un grup mare de temple, altare \u0219i morminte antice, se afla \u00een afara zidurilor. Fusese l\u0103sat nep\u0103zit, deoarece cre\u0219tinii credeau c\u0103 este o zon\u0103 sf\u00e2nt\u0103 protejat\u0103 de cer. Mujahedinii au atacat acel district \u0219i au confiscat toate comorile sale, care erau de nedescris. Apoi au asediat ora\u0219ul Cezarilor, iar ora\u0219ul era pe punctul de a c\u0103dea. Papa Sergiu era \u00eengrozit. Papa Romei de la acea vreme a fost avertizat de un atac cuprinz\u0103tor \u0219i a trimis apeluri de ajutor regilor \u0219i prin\u021bilor Europei. \u00cemp\u0103ratul franc de la acea vreme, Ludovic al II-lea, a luat ini\u021biativa \u0219i a trimis o mare campanie a solda\u021bilor s\u0103i pentru a salva Roma \u0219i bisericile sale. Din cauza dezacordurilor care au ap\u0103rut chiar \u00eentre liderii campaniei musulmane, musulmanii au ridicat asediul \u0219i s-au \u00eentors \u00een Sicilia \u00eenc\u0103rca\u021bi cu prad\u0103 \u0219i prizonieri.

Aceast\u0103 \u00eencercare \u00eendr\u0103znea\u021b\u0103 a mujahedinilor musulmani a dezv\u0103luit sl\u0103biciunea \u0219i fragilitatea ap\u0103r\u0103rii ora\u0219ului Roma, care a fost c\u00e2ndva capitala lumii antice \u0219i centrul cre\u0219tinismului global. Musulmanii au decis s\u0103 \u00eencerce din nou p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd s-a ivit ocazia. Aceasta s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u00een anul 256 AH \/ 870 d.Hr., cu sprijinul puternic al prin\u021bului aghlabid de la acea vreme, Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn al-Aghlab. Acest prin\u021b reu\u0219ise cu un an mai devreme s\u0103 cucereasc\u0103 insula Malta, \u00een anul 255 AH \/ 869 d.Hr. Ambi\u021biile sale au crescut pentru a ob\u021bine onoarea de a cuceri Roma. \u00centr-adev\u0103r, flotele mujahedinilor s-au \u00eent\u00e2lnit cu flotele aghlabidilor \u0219i au continuat pe acela\u0219i traseu ca \u00een campania precedent\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 au ajuns la gura r\u00e2ului Tibru. Papa Romei de la acea vreme, Leon al IV-lea, dup\u0103 ce \u0219i-a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat lec\u021bia din invazia precedent\u0103, s-a gr\u0103bit \u0219i a solicitat flotelor din Genova \u0219i Napoli s\u0103 resping\u0103 campania naval\u0103 musulman\u0103 \u00eempotriva Romei. O uria\u0219\u0103 b\u0103t\u0103lie naval\u0103 a izbucnit \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi \u00een apropierea apelor portului Ostia, \u00een care musulmanii aproape au zdrobit flotele cre\u0219tine. Dac\u0103 nu ar fi fost o furtun\u0103 maritim\u0103 violent\u0103 care a lovit Ostia, luptele s-ar fi oprit.

Aceast\u0103 furtun\u0103 puternic\u0103 nu i-a descurajat pe musulmani \u0219i, \u00een ciuda pierderilor grele suferite \u00een urma furtunii, ace\u0219tia au insistat s\u0103 continue invazia \u0219i au asediat ora\u0219ul cu cea mai mare for\u021b\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd acesta a fost pe punctul de a c\u0103dea. Acest lucru l-a determinat pe Papa Ioan al VIII-lea, care i-a succedat lui Leon al IV-lea, care a murit de durere din cauza dezastrelor aduse cre\u0219tinismului, s\u0103 se supun\u0103 condi\u021biilor musulmanilor \u0219i s\u0103 le pl\u0103teasc\u0103 un tribut anual de dou\u0103zeci \u0219i cinci de mithqali de argint. Acest lucru a avut un impact sever asupra na\u021biunilor cre\u0219tine \u00een general \u0219i asupra Europei \u00een special, deoarece cum putea Papa s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 tribut musulmanilor? Dar acesta este adev\u0103rul istoric stabilit, care este f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103. Este ceva la care du\u0219manii au fost martori \u0219i consemnat \u00een c\u0103r\u021bile lor, chiar dac\u0103 \u00eei ru\u0219ineaz\u0103 \u0219i \u00eei \u00eentristeaz\u0103. Este, de asemenea, una dintre scenele de m\u00e2ndrie, demnitate \u0219i eroism din trecut, despre care musulmanii trebuie acum s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be \u0219i de care s\u0103 beneficieze.

De ce am fost grozavi
Cartea (\u021a\u0103ri de neuitat) de Tamer Badr\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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