{"id":21970,"date":"2025-03-27T12:24:15","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:24:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21970"},"modified":"2025-04-20T08:59:21","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T08:59:21","slug":"jhgk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/archives\/21970","title":{"rendered":"T\u016bras kauja"},"content":{"rendered":"
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2019. gada 17. marts<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

T\u016bras kauja<\/strong>

Kristie\u0161u terorists, kur\u0161 Jaunz\u0113landes mo\u0161ej\u0101 nogalin\u0101ja neapbru\u0146otus musulma\u0146us, uz savas \u0161autenes stobra bija uzrakst\u012bjis "Charles Martel". Tas nor\u0101da, ka vi\u0146\u0161 ir labs v\u0113stures las\u012bt\u0101js. Diem\u017e\u0113l m\u0113s, musulma\u0146i, nelas\u0101m savu v\u0113sturi, un liel\u0101ko da\u013cu t\u0101s nem\u0101ca m\u016bsu skol\u0101s. Da\u013ca m\u016bsu v\u0113stures ir sagroz\u012bta, vai nu t\u012b\u0161i, vai nezin\u0101\u0161anas d\u0113\u013c. T\u0101p\u0113c mums ir j\u0101zina sava v\u0113sture un \u010c\u0101rlza Martela st\u0101sts, kura v\u0101rds ir uzrakst\u012bts uz \u0161autenes, kas nogalin\u0101ja neapbru\u0146otus musulma\u0146us.

T\u016bras kauja, kas paz\u012bstama ar\u012b k\u0101 Puatj\u0113 kauja, notika starp Abda al-Rahmana al-Gafiki vad\u012btajiem musulma\u0146u sp\u0113kiem un \u0160arla Martela vad\u012btajiem franku sp\u0113kiem. Musulma\u0146i \u0161aj\u0101 kauj\u0101 tika sakauti, un vi\u0146u komandieris tika nogalin\u0101ts. \u0160\u012b sak\u0101ve aptur\u0113ja musulma\u0146u virz\u012bbu uz Eiropas sirdi.

pirms kaujas<\/strong>
112.\u00a0gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus \/ 730.\u00a0gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus par Andal\u016bzijas gubernatoru tika iecelts Abds al-Rahmans al-G\u0101fiki. Vi\u0146\u0161 apspieda sacel\u0161anos Andal\u016bzij\u0101 starp ar\u0101biem un berberiem un str\u0101d\u0101ja, lai uzlabotu valsts dro\u0161\u012bbu un kult\u016bras situ\u0101ciju.
Tom\u0113r \u0161o stabilit\u0101ti un k\u0101rt\u012bbu, kas bija nostiprin\u0101jusies Andal\u016bzij\u0101, aptum\u0161oja franku un gotu kust\u012bbas un vi\u0146u gatavo\u0161an\u0101s uzbrukt isl\u0101ma poz\u012bcij\u0101m zieme\u013cos. T\u0101ds v\u012brs k\u0101 Al-Ghafiqi, liels tic\u012bgais un c\u012bn\u012bt\u0101js, nevar\u0113ja klus\u0113t. Atmi\u0146as par Tolo\u0161as sak\u0101vi joproj\u0101m vaj\u0101ja vi\u0146u, un vi\u0146\u0161 gaid\u012bja \u012bsto iesp\u0113ju, lai izdz\u0113stu t\u0101s sekas. Tagad, kad t\u0101 bija pien\u0101kusi, vi\u0146am t\u0101 bija j\u0101izmanto un j\u0101sagatavojas tai p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas lab\u0101k. Vi\u0146\u0161 pazi\u0146oja par savu nodomu iekarot, un c\u012bn\u012bt\u0101ji pl\u016bda ap vi\u0146u no vis\u0101m pus\u0113m, l\u012bdz sasniedza piecdesmit t\u016bksto\u0161us v\u012bru.

Kampa\u0146as mar\u0161ruts<\/strong>
114.\u00a0gada s\u0101kum\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus \/ 732.\u00a0gada s\u0101kum\u0101 Abdalrahmans sapulcin\u0101ja savus karasp\u0113kus Pamplon\u0101, uz zieme\u013ciem no Andal\u016bzijas, \u0161\u0137\u0113rsoja Alberta kalnus un ieg\u0101ja Francij\u0101 (Gallij\u0101). Vi\u0146\u0161 dev\u0101s uz dienvidiem uz Ar\u0101las pils\u0113tu, kas atrodas pie Ronas upes, jo t\u0101 atteic\u0101s maks\u0101t vi\u0146am nodevas un nepaklaus\u012bja vi\u0146am. P\u0113c milz\u012bgas kaujas vi\u0146\u0161 to iekaroja. P\u0113c tam vi\u0146\u0161 dev\u0101s uz rietumiem uz Akvit\u0101nijas hercogisti un guva iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161u uzvaru Dordo\u0146as upes krastos, saplosot t\u0101s armiju. Hercogs Odo bija spiests atk\u0101pties ar saviem sp\u0113kiem uz zieme\u013ciem, atst\u0101jot savu galvaspils\u0113tu Bordo, lai musulma\u0146i var\u0113tu iekarot savus sp\u0113kus. Akvit\u0101nijas valsts piln\u012bb\u0101 non\u0101ca musulma\u0146u rok\u0101s. Al Gafiki dev\u0101s Lu\u0101ras upes virzien\u0101 un dev\u0101s uz T\u016bras pils\u0113tu, otro hercogistes pils\u0113tu, kur\u0101 atrad\u0101s Sv\u0113t\u0101 Martina bazn\u012bca, kas tolaik bija \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi slavena. Musulma\u0146i ie\u0146\u0113ma pils\u0113tu un p\u0101r\u0146\u0113ma to sav\u0101 kontrol\u0113.
Hercogam Odo nebija citas izv\u0113les k\u0101 vien mekl\u0113t pal\u012bdz\u012bbu Merovingu valst\u012b, kuras lietas bija K\u0101r\u013ca Marte\u013ca rok\u0101s. Vi\u0146\u0161 atsauc\u0101s uz aicin\u0101jumu un steidz\u0101s vi\u0146am pal\u012bg\u0101, jo iepriek\u0161 nebija r\u016bp\u0113jies par musulma\u0146u kust\u012bb\u0101m Francijas dienvidos str\u012bda d\u0113\u013c, kas bija past\u0101v\u0113jis starp vi\u0146u un Akvit\u0101nijas hercogu Odo.

Franku gatav\u012bba<\/strong>
\u0160arls Martels sav\u0101 l\u016bgum\u0101 p\u0113c pal\u012bdz\u012bbas atrada iesp\u0113ju papla\u0161in\u0101t savu ietekmi p\u0101r Akvit\u0101niju, kas atrad\u0101s vi\u0146a s\u0101ncen\u0161a rok\u0101s, un aptur\u0113t musulma\u0146u iekaro\u0161anu p\u0113c tam, kad t\u0101 bija s\u0101kusi vi\u0146u apdraud\u0113t. Vi\u0146\u0161 nekav\u0113joties r\u012bkoj\u0101s un netaup\u012bja p\u016bles sagatavo\u0161an\u0101s darbos. Vi\u0146\u0161 s\u016bt\u012bja karav\u012brus no visurienes, un vi\u0146u sagaid\u012bja sp\u0113c\u012bgi, rupji karav\u012bri, kas c\u012bn\u012bj\u0101s gandr\u012bz kaili, papildus vi\u0146a pa\u0161a karav\u012briem, kuri bija sp\u0113c\u012bgi un pieredz\u0113ju\u0161i karos un nelaim\u0113s. P\u0113c tam, kad \u0160arls Martels bija pabeidzis sagatavo\u0161an\u0101s darbus, vi\u0146\u0161 dev\u0101s ce\u013c\u0101 ar savu milz\u012bgo armiju, kas skaitliski bija liel\u0101ka nek\u0101 musulma\u0146u armija, satricinot zemi ar drebu\u013ciem, un Francijas l\u012bdzenumi atbalsoj\u0101s no karav\u012bru ska\u0146\u0101m un klaigas, l\u012bdz vi\u0146\u0161 sasniedza Lu\u0101ras upes dienvidu p\u013cavas.<\/span><\/h1>


Kauja<\/strong>
Musulma\u0146u armija bija pabeigusi savu virz\u012bbu uz l\u012bdzenumu starp Puatj\u0113 un T\u016bru p\u0113c abu pils\u0113tu ie\u0146em\u0161anas. Taj\u0101 laik\u0101 \u0160arla Martela armija bija sasniegusi Lu\u0101ru, musulma\u0146iem nepamanot vi\u0146a avangarda iera\u0161anos. Kad Al-Ghafiqi grib\u0113ja iebrukt Lu\u0101r\u0101, lai satiktos ar pretinieku t\u0101s labaj\u0101 krast\u0101, pirms vi\u0146\u0161 bija pabeidzis sagatavo\u0161an\u0101s darbus, Martels vi\u0146u p\u0101rsteidza ar saviem milz\u012bgajiem sp\u0113kiem, kas skaitliski p\u0101rsp\u0113ja musulma\u0146u armiju. Abd al-Rahmans bija spiests atk\u0101pties uz l\u012bdzenumu starp Puatj\u0113 un T\u016bru. \u0160arls ar saviem sp\u0113kiem \u0161\u0137\u0113rsoja Lu\u0101ras upi un ar savu armiju apmet\u0101s nometn\u0113 da\u017eas j\u016bdzes no Al-Ghafiqi armijas.
Kauja notika \u0161aj\u0101 l\u012bdzenum\u0101 starp ab\u0101m pus\u0113m. Prec\u012bza kaujas lauka atra\u0161an\u0101s vieta nav zin\u0101ma, lai gan da\u017ei zi\u0146ojumi liecina, ka t\u0101 notika net\u0101lu no romie\u0161u ce\u013ca, kas savienoja Puatj\u0113 un \u0160ateli, viet\u0101 aptuveni divdesmit kilometrus uz zieme\u013caustrumiem no Puatj\u0113, ko sauc par Al-Balat, v\u0101rds, kas Andal\u016bzij\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 pili vai cietoksni, ko ieskauj d\u0101rzi. T\u0101p\u0113c ar\u0101bu avotos kauja tika saukta par Al-Balat Al-Shuhada (Mocek\u013cu pils) liel\u0101 musulma\u0146u skaita d\u0113\u013c, kas taj\u0101 tika nogalin\u0101ti. Eiropas avotos to sauc par T\u016bras-Puatj\u0113 kauju.
C\u012b\u0146a starp ab\u0101m pus\u0113m izc\u0113l\u0101s \u0160abana beig\u0101s 114.\u00a0gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus \/ 732.\u00a0gada oktobr\u012b un turpin\u0101j\u0101s devi\u0146as dienas l\u012bdz Ramad\u0101na s\u0101kumam, nevienai no pus\u0113m neg\u016bstot iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161u uzvaru.
Desmitaj\u0101 dien\u0101 izc\u0113l\u0101s milz\u012bga kauja, un abas puses par\u0101d\u012bja visliel\u0101ko drosmi, iztur\u012bbu un nelok\u0101m\u012bbu, l\u012bdz franki s\u0101ka nogurt un musulma\u0146iem par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s uzvaras paz\u012bmes. Kristie\u0161i zin\u0101ja, ka isl\u0101ma armijai bija daudz laup\u012bjuma, ko t\u0101 bija ieguvusi kauj\u0101s, virzoties no Andal\u016bzijas uz Puatj\u0113, un \u0161is laup\u012bjums nom\u0101ca musulma\u0146us. Ar\u0101bu paradums bija n\u0113s\u0101t savu laup\u012bjumu l\u012bdzi, novietojot to aiz savas armijas ar garnizonu, kas tos aizsarg\u0101ja. Kristie\u0161i to saprata un, koncentr\u0113joties uz \u0161o pusi, veiksm\u012bgi uzbruka musulma\u0146iem. Vi\u0146i ie\u0146\u0113ma tos no aizmugures, no garnizona puses, kas bija atbild\u012bgs par laup\u012bjuma sarg\u0101\u0161anu. Musulma\u0146i neapzin\u0101j\u0101s kristie\u0161u pl\u0101nus, t\u0101p\u0113c da\u017eas no vi\u0146u div\u012bzij\u0101m pagriez\u0101s, lai aizsarg\u0101tu laup\u012bjumu, un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di isl\u0101ma armijas sist\u0113ma tika izjaukta, jo viena div\u012bzija pagriez\u0101s, lai aizsarg\u0101tu laup\u012bjumu, bet cita c\u012bn\u012bj\u0101s ar kristie\u0161iem no frontes. Musulma\u0146u rindas tika izjauktas, un plaisa, caur kuru franki ielauz\u0101s, papla\u0161in\u0101j\u0101s.
Al-Ghafiqi cent\u0101s atjaunot k\u0101rt\u012bbu, p\u0101r\u0146emt kontroli p\u0101r situ\u0101ciju un atdz\u012bvin\u0101t entuziasmu savu karav\u012bru vid\u016b, ta\u010du n\u0101ve vi\u0146am nepal\u012bdz\u0113ja p\u0113c tam, kad vi\u0146u tr\u0101p\u012bja nomald\u012bjusies bulta, kas at\u0146\u0113ma vi\u0146am dz\u012bv\u012bbu, un vi\u0146\u0161 krita k\u0101 moceklis kaujas lauk\u0101. Musulma\u0146u rindas k\u013cuva nek\u0101rt\u012bg\u0101kas, un armij\u0101 izplat\u012bj\u0101s panika. Ja neb\u016btu paliku\u0161as nelok\u0101m\u012bbas, dedz\u012bgas tic\u012bbas un uzvaras v\u0113lmes paliekas, musulma\u0146us b\u016btu piemekl\u0113jusi liela nelaime skaitliski p\u0101rsp\u0113tas armijas priek\u0161\u0101. Musulma\u0146i gaid\u012bja l\u012bdz tumsai, tad izmantoja tumsas sniegto iesp\u0113ju un atk\u0101p\u0101s uz Septim\u0101niju, atst\u0101jot savas mantas un liel\u0101ko da\u013cu laup\u012bjuma k\u0101 laup\u012bjumu ienaidniekam.
Kad pien\u0101ca r\u012bts, franki piec\u0113l\u0101s, lai turpin\u0101tu c\u012b\u0146u, ta\u010du neatrada nevienu musulmani. Vi\u0146i neatrada neko citu k\u0101 vien piln\u012bgu klusumu, t\u0101p\u0113c piesardz\u012bgi dev\u0101s tel\u0161u virzien\u0101, cerot, ka kaut kas ir izdevies. Vi\u0146i atrada t\u0101s tuk\u0161as, iz\u0146emot ievainotos, kuri nesp\u0113ja pakust\u0113ties. Vi\u0146i tos nekav\u0113joties nogalin\u0101ja, un \u010c\u0101rlzs Martels bija apmierin\u0101ts ar musulma\u0146u atk\u0101p\u0161anos. Vi\u0146\u0161 neuzdro\u0161in\u0101j\u0101s vi\u0146us vaj\u0101t un atgriez\u0101s ar savu armiju uz zieme\u013ciem, no kurienes bija n\u0101cis.

Sak\u0101ves iemesli<\/strong>
\u0160o apkaunojo\u0161o rezult\u0101tu izrais\u012bja daudzi faktori kop\u0101, tostarp:
1. Kop\u0161 Andal\u016bzijas atst\u0101\u0161anas musulma\u0146i bija ce\u013coju\u0161i t\u016bksto\u0161iem j\u016bd\u017eu un bija noguru\u0161i no nep\u0101rtrauktajiem kariem Francij\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b noguru\u0161i no g\u0101jiena un kust\u012bbas. Vis\u0101 \u0161aj\u0101 ce\u013cojum\u0101 vi\u0146us nesasniedza nek\u0101di pastiprin\u0101jumi, kas atjaunotu armijas vitalit\u0101ti un pal\u012bdz\u0113tu tai misij\u0101, jo att\u0101lums starp vi\u0146iem un kalif\u0101ta centru Damask\u0101 bija liels. T\u0101p\u0113c, g\u0101jien\u0101 cauri Francijas re\u0123ioniem, vi\u0146i bija tuv\u0101k m\u012btiskiem st\u0101stiem nek\u0101 v\u0113sturiskiem notikumiem. Kordova, Andal\u016bzijas galvaspils\u0113ta, nesp\u0113ja pal\u012bdz\u0113t armijai, jo daudzi ar\u0101bu iekarot\u0101ji bija izkais\u012bti t\u0101s re\u0123ionos.
2. Musulma\u0146u dedz\u012bba aizsarg\u0101t laup\u012bjumu. Visvarenais Dievs Sav\u0101 C\u0113laj\u0101 Gr\u0101mat\u0101 saka: \u201cAk, cilv\u0113ce, patiesi, Dieva apsol\u012bjums ir paties\u012bba, t\u0101p\u0113c ne\u013caujiet pasaul\u012bgajai dz\u012bvei j\u016bs maldin\u0101t un ne\u013caujiet Maldin\u0101t\u0101jam j\u016bs maldin\u0101t par Dievu.\u201d [Fatir: 5] Ir iev\u0113rojams, ka musulma\u0146i tika maldin\u0101ti ar \u0161o pasaul\u012bgo dz\u012bvi, kas vi\u0146iem tika atv\u0113rta, t\u0101p\u0113c vi\u0146i sacent\u0101s par to. No All\u0101ha V\u0113stne\u0161a (miers un sv\u0113t\u012bba lai ir ar vi\u0146u) tika zi\u0146ots had\u012bt\u0101, ko Al-Bukhari un Muslims atst\u0101st\u012bja p\u0113c Amra ibn Aufa Al-Ansari (lai All\u0101hs ir ar vi\u0146u apmierin\u0101ts) autorit\u0101tes, ka All\u0101ha V\u0113stnesis (miers un sv\u0113t\u012bba lai ir ar vi\u0146u) teica: \u201cPie All\u0101ha, es nebaidos no nabadz\u012bbas, bet gan no t\u0101, ka pasaule jums k\u013c\u016bs viegla, k\u0101 t\u0101 bija viegla tiem, kas bija pirms jums, un ka j\u016bs par to sacent\u012bsieties, t\u0101pat k\u0101 vi\u0146i par to sacent\u0101s, un ka t\u0101 j\u016bs izn\u012bcin\u0101s, t\u0101pat k\u0101 t\u0101 izn\u012bcin\u0101ja vi\u0146us.\u201d
Visvaren\u0101 Dieva likums attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz Vi\u0146a rad\u012bbu ir t\u0101ds, ka, ja pasaule tiek atv\u0113rta musulma\u0146iem un vi\u0146i par to sacen\u0161as t\u0101pat k\u0101 tautas pirms vi\u0146iem, tad t\u0101 izn\u012bcin\u0101s ar\u012b vi\u0146us, t\u0101pat k\u0101 t\u0101 izn\u012bcin\u0101ja iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s tautas. Visvarenais Dievs saka: "J\u016bs nekad neatrad\u012bsiet nek\u0101das p\u0101rmai\u0146as Dieva ce\u013c\u0101 un nekad neatrad\u012bsiet nek\u0101das izmai\u0146as Dieva ce\u013c\u0101" (Fatir: 43).

Kaujas rezult\u0101ti<\/strong>
Par \u0161o kauju ir daudz run\u0101ts, un Eiropas v\u0113sturnieki to ir apviju\u0161i ar p\u0101rsp\u012bl\u0113tu interesi, trakt\u0113jot to k\u0101 iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161u kauju. Vi\u0146u intereses nosl\u0113pums ir skaidrs; vairums no vi\u0146iem uzskata, ka t\u0101 ir izgl\u0101busi Eiropu. Edvards Gibons sav\u0101 gr\u0101mat\u0101 "Romas imp\u0113rijas noriets" par \u0161o kauju saka: "T\u0101 izgl\u0101ba m\u016bsu britu t\u0113vus un m\u016bsu fran\u010du kaimi\u0146us no pilsonisk\u0101 un reli\u0123isk\u0101 Kor\u0101na j\u016bga, saglab\u0101ja Romas slavu un stiprin\u0101ja kristiet\u012bbas ap\u0146\u0113m\u012bbu."
Sers Edvards Kr\u012bzijs saka: \u201c\u010c\u0101rlza Martela liel\u0101 uzvara p\u0101r ar\u0101biem 732. gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus pielika iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161u punktu ar\u0101bu iekarojumiem Rietumeirop\u0101 un izgl\u0101ba kristiet\u012bbu no isl\u0101ma.\u201d
Cita m\u0113reno v\u0113sturnieku grupa \u0161o uzvaru uzskata par lielu katastrofu, kas piemekl\u0113jusi Eiropu, at\u0146emot tai civiliz\u0101ciju un kult\u016bru. Gustavs Le Bons sav\u0101 slavenaj\u0101 gr\u0101mat\u0101 *Ar\u0101bu civiliz\u0101cija*, ko Adels Zuaiters prec\u012bzi un dai\u013crun\u012bgi iztulkoja ar\u0101bu valod\u0101, saka: \u201cJa ar\u0101bi b\u016btu p\u0101r\u0146\u0113mu\u0161i Franciju, tad Par\u012bze b\u016btu k\u013cuvusi par l\u012bdz\u012bgu Kordovai Sp\u0101nij\u0101, civiliz\u0101cijas un zin\u0101tnes centru, kur ielas cilv\u0113ks var\u0113ja las\u012bt, rakst\u012bt un da\u017ereiz pat sacer\u0113t dzeju laik\u0101, kad Eiropas kara\u013ci nevar\u0113ja rakst\u012bt savus v\u0101rdus.\u201d
P\u0113c T\u016bras kaujas musulma\u0146iem netika dota v\u0113l viena iesp\u0113ja iek\u013c\u016bt Eiropas sird\u012b. Vi\u0146us piemekl\u0113ja \u0161\u0137el\u0161an\u0101s un konfliktu uzliesmojumi laik\u0101, kad kristie\u0161u sp\u0113ki bija apvienoju\u0161ies un s\u0101k\u0101s t\u0101 saukt\u0101 atkaro\u0161anas kust\u012bba, ie\u0146emot pils\u0113tas un b\u0101zes musulma\u0146u rok\u0101s Andal\u016bzij\u0101.

K\u0101p\u0113c m\u0113s bij\u0101m lieliski<\/strong>
Tamera Badra gr\u0101mata (Neaizmirstamas dienas... Svar\u012bgas lappuses no isl\u0101ma v\u0113stures)\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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