{"id":21958,"date":"2025-03-27T12:15:19","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:15:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21958"},"modified":"2025-04-20T09:06:26","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T09:06:26","slug":"gjfjhdf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/archives\/21958","title":{"rendered":"Konstantinopoles iekaro\u0161ana"},"content":{"rendered":"
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2019. gada 6. marts<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Konstantinopoles iekaro\u0161ana<\/strong>

Musulma\u0146i vair\u0101k nek\u0101 asto\u0146us gadsimtus gaid\u012bja pravietisk\u0101s lab\u0101s v\u0113sts par Konstantinopoles iekaro\u0161anu piepild\u012b\u0161anos. Tas bija lolots sapnis un d\u0101rga cer\u012bba, kas vaj\u0101ja gan vad\u012bt\u0101jus, gan iekarot\u0101jus, un t\u0101s liesmas neizdzisa laika un gadu gait\u0101. Tas palika dedz\u012bgs m\u0113r\u0137is, kas cilv\u0113kos modin\u0101ja milz\u012bgu v\u0113lmi to sasniegt, lai tas, kur\u0161 iekaros, k\u013c\u016btu par pravie\u0161a uzslavas objektu, kad vi\u0146\u0161 teica: "Konstantinopole noteikti tiks iekarota. Cik gan izcils vad\u012bt\u0101js t\u0101 b\u016bs, un cik izcila armija t\u0101 b\u016bs."

Konstantinopoles statuss<\/strong>
Konstantinopole ir viena no svar\u012bg\u0101kaj\u0101m pils\u0113t\u0101m pasaul\u0113. To 330. gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus dibin\u0101ja Bizantijas imperators Konstant\u012bns I. Tai bija unik\u0101ls glob\u0101ls st\u0101voklis, tik \u013coti, ka par to teica: "Ja pasaule b\u016btu viena karaliste, Konstantinopole b\u016btu vispiem\u0113rot\u0101k\u0101 pils\u0113ta par t\u0101s galvaspils\u0113tu."
Konstantinopolei ir nocietin\u0101ta vieta, ko daba ir apvelt\u012bjusi ar visbr\u012bni\u0161\u0137\u012bg\u0101kaj\u0101m lielpils\u0113tas \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m. Austrumos to ieskauj Bosfora \u0161aurums, bet rietumos un dienvidos \u2014 Marmora j\u016bra, katru no kur\u0101m ieskauj viens m\u016bris. Rietumu puse ir savienota ar Eiropas kontinentu un ir aizsarg\u0101ta ar diviem \u010detras j\u016bdzes gariem m\u016briem, kas stiepjas no Marmora j\u016bras krastiem l\u012bdz Zelta raga krastiem. Iek\u0161\u0113jais m\u016bris ir aptuveni \u010detrdesmit p\u0113du augsts un to balsta se\u0161desmit p\u0113du augsti tor\u0146i, att\u0101lums starp katru torni ir aptuveni simt asto\u0146desmit p\u0113das.
\u0100rsiena bija divdesmit piecas p\u0113das augsta un ar\u012b nocietin\u0101ta ar tor\u0146iem, kas bija l\u012bdz\u012bgi pirm\u0101 m\u016bra tor\u0146iem. Starp abiem m\u016briem bija piecdesmit l\u012bdz se\u0161desmit p\u0113das plata telpa. Zelta raga \u016bde\u0146us, kas aizsarg\u0101ja pils\u0113tas zieme\u013caustrumu pusi, norobe\u017eoja mas\u012bva dzelzs \u0137\u0113de, kuras abi gali stiep\u0101s pie ieejas starp Galatas m\u016bri un Konstantinopoles m\u016bri. Osma\u0146u v\u0113sturnieki min, ka aplenkt\u0101s pils\u0113tas aizst\u0101vju skaits sasniedza \u010detrdesmit t\u016bksto\u0161us c\u012bn\u012bt\u0101ju.

Iekaro\u0161anas armijas sagatavo\u0161ana<\/strong>
P\u0113c t\u0113va n\u0101ves sult\u0101ns Mehmeds II s\u0101ka gatavoties atliku\u0161o Balk\u0101nu zemju un Konstantinopoles pils\u0113tas iekaro\u0161anas pabeig\u0161anai, lai visi vi\u0146a \u012bpa\u0161umi b\u016btu savienoti, bez jebk\u0101da uzbr\u016bko\u0161a ienaidnieka vai liekul\u012bga drauga. S\u0101kotn\u0113ji vi\u0146\u0161 pielika lielas p\u016bles, lai stiprin\u0101tu Osma\u0146u armiju ar cilv\u0113kresursiem, l\u012bdz t\u0101s skaits sasniedza gandr\u012bz ceturtda\u013cmiljonu karav\u012bru, kas ir liels skaits, sal\u012bdzinot ar t\u0101 laika valstu armij\u0101m. Vi\u0146\u0161 ar\u012b piev\u0113rsa \u012bpa\u0161u uzman\u012bbu \u0161o grupu apm\u0101c\u012bbai da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s kaujas m\u0101ksl\u0101s un ar da\u017e\u0101da veida iero\u010diem, kas t\u0101s sagatavotu gaid\u0101majam lielajam iebrukumam. Iekarot\u0101js ar\u012b r\u016bp\u0113j\u0101s par to, lai t\u0101s sagatavotu ar sp\u0113c\u012bgu mor\u0101lo sagatavo\u0161anu un iedvestu vi\u0146os d\u017eih\u0101da garu, k\u0101 ar\u012b atg\u0101din\u0101tu vi\u0146iem par pravie\u0161a Muhameda uzslav\u0101m armijai, kas iekaros Konstantinopoli, un vi\u0146\u0161 cer\u0113ja, ka t\u0101 b\u016bs t\u0101 armija, k\u0101da bija paredz\u0113ta pravietiskaj\u0101 had\u012bt\u0101. Ahmada ibn Hanbala Musn\u0101d\u0101 tika min\u0113ts: Abdulla ibn Muhameds ibn Abi \u0160aibahs mums past\u0101st\u012bja, un es dzird\u0113ju to no Abdulla ibn Muhameda ibn Abi \u0160aibahs sak\u0101m: Zaids ibn al-Hubabs mums atst\u0101st\u012bja, al-Valids ibn al-Mughira al-Ma'afiri man atst\u0101st\u012bja, Abdulla ibn Bi\u0161rs al-Khatami man atst\u0101st\u012bja, balstoties uz sava t\u0113va autorit\u0101ti, ka vi\u0146\u0161 dzird\u0113ja pravieti (lai Dievs vi\u0146u sv\u0113t\u012b un dod vi\u0146am mieru) sak\u0101m: "Konstantinopole tiks iekarota, un cik izcils komandieris b\u016bs t\u0101s komandieris, un cik izcila armija b\u016bs \u0161\u012b armija." \u0160\u012b had\u012bsa p\u0101rzin\u0101\u0161ana deva vi\u0146iem nep\u0101rsp\u0113jamu mor\u0101lu sp\u0113ku un drosmi, un zin\u0101tnieku izplat\u012bba karav\u012bru vid\u016b liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 stiprin\u0101ja vi\u0146u ap\u0146\u0113m\u012bbu.

Rumeli Hisar\u0131 cietoksnis<\/strong>
Pirms Konstantinopoles iekaro\u0161anas sult\u0101ns v\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s nocietin\u0101t Bosfora \u0161aurumu, lai nov\u0113rstu pastiprin\u0101jumus no Trebizondas karalistes. Vi\u0146\u0161 to paveica, uzce\u013cot pili \u0161auruma krast\u0101, t\u0101 \u0161aur\u0101kaj\u0101 viet\u0101 Eiropas pus\u0113, iepretim pilij, kas tika uzcelta sult\u0101na Bajezida vald\u012b\u0161anas laik\u0101 \u0100zijas pus\u0113. Kad Bizantijas imperators par to dzird\u0113ja, vi\u0146\u0161 nos\u016bt\u012bja v\u0113stnieku pie sult\u0101na, pied\u0101v\u0101jot vi\u0146am samaks\u0101t nodevu, k\u0101du vi\u0146\u0161 noteiks. Iekarot\u0101js noraid\u012bja l\u016bgumu un uzst\u0101ja uz celtniec\u012bbu, apzinoties vietas milit\u0101ro noz\u012bmi. Beidzot tika pabeigta augsta, nocietin\u0101ta pils, sasniedzot 82 metru augstumu. T\u0101 tika nosaukta par "Rumelihisari pili". Abas pilis tagad atrad\u0101s viena otrai pret\u012b, atdal\u012btas tikai ar 660 metriem. T\u0101s kontrol\u0113ja ku\u0123u p\u0101rvieto\u0161anos no Bosfora austrumu puses uz t\u0101 rietumu pusi, un to lielgabali var\u0113ja ne\u013caut jebkuram ku\u0123im sasniegt Konstantinopoli no apgabaliem austrumos, piem\u0113ram, Trebizondas karalistes un cit\u0101m viet\u0101m, kas vajadz\u012bbas gad\u012bjum\u0101 sp\u0113ja atbalst\u012bt pils\u0113tu. Sult\u0101ns ar\u012b noteica nodevu katram ku\u0123im, kas \u0161\u0137\u0113rsoja cietoksn\u012b uzst\u0101d\u012bto osma\u0146u lielgabalu darb\u012bbas r\u0101diusu. Kad viens no ven\u0113cie\u0161u ku\u0123iem atteic\u0101s apst\u0101ties p\u0113c vair\u0101kiem osma\u0146u sign\u0101liem, tas tika nogremd\u0113ts tikai ar vienu lielgabala \u0161\u0101vienu.

Lielgabalu ra\u017eo\u0161ana un flotes veido\u0161ana<\/strong>
Sult\u0101ns \u012bpa\u0161u uzman\u012bbu piev\u0113rsa Konstantinopoles iekaro\u0161anai nepiecie\u0161amo iero\u010du, galvenok\u0101rt lielgabalu, mont\u0101\u017eai, kuriem tika piev\u0113rsta \u012bpa\u0161a uzman\u012bba. Vi\u0146\u0161 uzaicin\u0101ja ung\u0101ru in\u017eenieri v\u0101rd\u0101 Urb\u0101ns, kur\u0161 bija lielgabalu b\u016bves meistars. Urb\u0101ns vi\u0146u laipni uz\u0146\u0113ma, nodro\u0161inot visus nepiecie\u0161amos finan\u0161u, materi\u0101los un cilv\u0113kresursus. \u0160is in\u017eenieris sp\u0113ja projekt\u0113t un izgatavot vair\u0101kus mas\u012bvus lielgabalus, iev\u0113rojam\u0101ko no tiem \u2014 slaveno "Sult\u0101na lielgabalu", kas, k\u0101 zi\u0146ots, sv\u0113ra simtiem tonnu un kura p\u0101rvieto\u0161anai bija nepiecie\u0161ami simtiem sp\u0113c\u012bgu v\u0113r\u0161u. Sult\u0101ns pats p\u0101rraudz\u012bja \u0161o lielgabalu b\u016bvniec\u012bbu un test\u0113\u0161anu.
Papildus \u0161ai sagatavo\u0161an\u0101s darb\u012bbai iekarot\u0101js \u012bpa\u0161u uzman\u012bbu piev\u0113rsa Osma\u0146u flotei, to stiprinot un apg\u0101d\u0101jot ar da\u017e\u0101diem ku\u0123iem, lai t\u0101 var\u0113tu veikt savu lomu uzbrukum\u0101 Konstantinopolei, \u0161ai j\u016bras pils\u0113tai, kuras aplenkumu nevar\u0113ja pabeigt bez j\u016bras sp\u0113ku kl\u0101tb\u016btnes \u0161\u012b uzdevuma veik\u0161anai. Ir zi\u0146ots, ka \u0161ai misijai sagatavoto ku\u0123u skaits bija simt asto\u0146desmit, savuk\u0101rt citi apgalvoja, ka to skaits p\u0101rsniedza \u010detrsimt ku\u0123us.

nosl\u0113gt l\u012bgumus<\/strong>
Pirms uzbrukuma Konstantinopolei iekarot\u0101js str\u0101d\u0101ja pie l\u012bgumu nosl\u0113g\u0161anas ar da\u017e\u0101diem ienaidniekiem, lai koncentr\u0113tos uz vienu ienaidnieku. Vi\u0146\u0161 nosl\u0113dza l\u012bgumu ar Galatas k\u0146azisti, kas atrad\u0101s Konstantinopoles kaimi\u0146os austrumos un no t\u0101s \u0161\u0137\u012bra Zelta rags. Vi\u0146\u0161 nosl\u0113dza l\u012bgumus ar\u012b ar D\u017eenovu un Ven\u0113ciju, diviem kaimi\u0146os eso\u0161iem Eiropas emir\u0101tiem. Tom\u0113r \u0161ie l\u012bgumi nebija sp\u0113k\u0101, kad s\u0101k\u0101s faktiskais uzbrukums Konstantinopolei, jo sp\u0113ki no \u0161\u012bm un cit\u0101m pils\u0113t\u0101m ierad\u0101s, lai piedal\u012btos pils\u0113tas aizsardz\u012bb\u0101.

Bizantijas imperatora nost\u0101ja<\/strong>
Tikm\u0113r, kam\u0113r sult\u0101ns gatavoj\u0101s iekaro\u0161anai, Bizantijas imperators izmis\u012bgi cent\u0101s vi\u0146u atrun\u0101t no sava m\u0113r\u0137a, pied\u0101v\u0101jot naudu un da\u017e\u0101das d\u0101vanas, k\u0101 ar\u012b m\u0113\u0123inot uzpirkt da\u017eus no vi\u0146a padomniekiem, lai ietekm\u0113tu vi\u0146a l\u0113mumu. Tom\u0113r sult\u0101ns bija ap\u0146\u0113mies \u012bstenot savu pl\u0101nu, un \u0161ie jaut\u0101jumi vi\u0146u neattur\u0113ja no m\u0113r\u0137a sasnieg\u0161anas. Kad Bizantijas imperators redz\u0113ja sult\u0101na stingro ap\u0146\u0113m\u012bbu \u012bstenot savu m\u0113r\u0137i, vi\u0146\u0161 mekl\u0113ja pal\u012bdz\u012bbu da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s Eiropas valst\u012bs un pils\u0113t\u0101s, kuras vad\u012bja p\u0101vests, kato\u013cu sektas vad\u012bt\u0101js. Taj\u0101 laik\u0101 Bizantijas imp\u0113rijas bazn\u012bcas, kuru vad\u012bja Konstantinopols, bija saist\u012btas ar pareiztic\u012bgo bazn\u012bcu, un starp t\u0101m vald\u012bja s\u012bva naid\u012bba. Imperators bija spiests glaimot p\u0101vestam, satuvinoties ar vi\u0146u un par\u0101dot vi\u0146am savu v\u0113lmi str\u0101d\u0101t, lai apvienotu Austrumu un Rietumu bazn\u012bcas laik\u0101, kad pareiztic\u012bgie to nev\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s. P\u0113c tam p\u0101vests nos\u016bt\u012bja p\u0101rst\u0101vi uz Konstantinopoli, kur vi\u0146\u0161 sludin\u0101ja Sv\u0113t\u0101s Sofijas bazn\u012bc\u0101, aicin\u0101ja p\u0101vestu un pazi\u0146oja par abu bazn\u012bcu apvieno\u0161anu. Tas saniknoja pareiztic\u012bgo masas pils\u0113t\u0101 un pamudin\u0101ja vi\u0146us uzs\u0101kt kust\u012bbu pret \u0161o kop\u012bgo kato\u013cu un imperatora r\u012bc\u012bbu. Da\u017ei pareiztic\u012bgo vad\u012bt\u0101ji pat teica: \u201cEs lab\u0101k redz\u0113tu turku turb\u0101nus bizantie\u0161u zem\u0113s nek\u0101 lat\u012b\u0146u cepures.\u201d

P\u0101rcel\u0161an\u0101s uz Konstantinopoli<\/strong>
Sult\u0101ns mekl\u0113ja iemeslu, lai pav\u0113rtu durvis karam, un dr\u012bz vien vi\u0146\u0161 to atrada Osma\u0146u karav\u012bru uzbrukum\u0101 da\u017eiem romie\u0161u ciemiem un p\u0113d\u0113jo pa\u0161u aizst\u0101v\u0113\u0161an\u0101, t\u0101p\u0113c da\u017ei tika nogalin\u0101ti no ab\u0101m pus\u0113m. Sult\u0101ns bru\u0123\u0113ja ce\u013cu starp Edirni un Konstantinopoli, lai tas b\u016btu piem\u0113rots milzu lielgabalu vilk\u0161anai cauri uz Konstantinopoli. Lielgabali divu m\u0113ne\u0161u laik\u0101 tika p\u0101rvietoti no Edirnes uz Konstantinopoli, kur tos aizsarg\u0101ja armija. Osma\u0146u armijas, kuras vad\u012bja pats iekarot\u0101js, sasniedza Konstantinopoles nomali ceturtdien, Rabi' al-Awwal 26, 857 AH \/ 1453. gada 6. apr\u012bl\u012b p\u0113c Kristus. Vi\u0146\u0161 sapulcin\u0101ja karav\u012brus, kas bija aptuveni divsimt piecdesmit t\u016bksto\u0161i karav\u012bru jeb ceturtda\u013cmiljons. Vi\u0146\u0161 vi\u0146iem teica sp\u0113c\u012bgu spredi\u0137i, mudinot vi\u0146us uz d\u017eih\u0101du un tiekties p\u0113c uzvaras vai mocek\u013ca n\u0101ves. Vi\u0146\u0161 atg\u0101din\u0101ja vi\u0146iem par upuriem un c\u012b\u0146as paties\u012bbu konfront\u0101cijas gad\u012bjum\u0101. Vi\u0146\u0161 vi\u0146iem las\u012bja Kor\u0101na pantus, kas to mudina. Vi\u0146\u0161 ar\u012b piemin\u0113ja vi\u0146iem pravie\u0161a had\u012bsus, kas v\u0113st\u012bja par Konstantinopoles iekaro\u0161anu un iekarojo\u0161\u0101s armijas un t\u0101s komandiera tikum\u012bbu, k\u0101 ar\u012b iekaro\u0161anas slavu isl\u0101mam un musulma\u0146iem. Armija nekav\u0113joties s\u0101ka slav\u0113t, godin\u0101t un l\u016bgt.
T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di sult\u0101ns ar saviem karav\u012briem sauszemes pus\u0113 un floti j\u016bras pus\u0113 aplenca pils\u0113tu. Vi\u0146\u0161 ap pils\u0113tu izvietoja \u010detrpadsmit artil\u0113rijas baterijas, kur\u0101s novietoja Urbana izgatavotos lielos lielgabalus, kas, k\u0101 teikts, \u0161\u0101va lielas akmens lodes j\u016bdzes att\u0101lum\u0101. Aplenkuma laik\u0101 tika atkl\u0101ta Abu Aj\u016bba al Ansari kapene. Vi\u0146\u0161 g\u0101ja boj\u0101 mocek\u013ca n\u0101v\u0113, aplencot Konstantinopoli 52. gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus Muav\u012bjas ibn Abi Sufjana al Umavi kalif\u0101ta laik\u0101.

Bizantijas pretest\u012bba<\/strong>
\u0160aj\u0101 laik\u0101 bizantie\u0161i bija blo\u0137\u0113ju\u0161i Konstantinopoles ostas ieejas ar biez\u0101m dzelzs \u0137\u0113d\u0113m, ne\u013caujot Osma\u0146u ku\u0123iem sasniegt Zelta ragu. Vi\u0146i pat izn\u012bcin\u0101ja jebkuru ku\u0123i, kas m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja tuvoties. Tom\u0113r Osma\u0146u flotei tom\u0113r izdev\u0101s ie\u0146emt Prin\u010du salas Marmora j\u016br\u0101.
Imperators Konstant\u012bns, p\u0113d\u0113jais Romas imperators, mekl\u0113ja pal\u012bdz\u012bbu Eirop\u0101. D\u017eenovie\u0161i atbild\u0113ja, nos\u016btot vi\u0146am piecus ku\u0123us, kurus komand\u0113ja D\u017eenovas komandieris D\u017eustini\u0101ni, un 700 br\u012bvpr\u0101t\u012bgo kaujinieku pavad\u012bb\u0101 no da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m Eiropas valst\u012bm. Komandieris ierad\u0101s ar saviem ku\u0123iem un pl\u0101noja ieiet Konstantinopoles ost\u0101, ta\u010du Osma\u0146u ku\u0123i tos p\u0101rtv\u0113ra, un Rabi' al-Thani 11. gad\u0101 857. gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus (1453. gada 21. apr\u012bl\u012b) izc\u0113l\u0101s pla\u0161a kauja. Kauja beidz\u0101s ar D\u017eustini\u0101ni uzvaru, kas \u013c\u0101va vi\u0146am ieiet ost\u0101 p\u0113c tam, kad aplenc\u0113ji bija no\u0146\u0113mu\u0161i dzelzs \u0137\u0113des un p\u0113c tam t\u0101s atkal uzst\u0101d\u012bju\u0161i p\u0113c tam, kad Eiropas ku\u0123i bija izbrauku\u0161i cauri. Osma\u0146u j\u016bras sp\u0113ki m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja apiet mas\u012bv\u0101s \u0137\u0113des, kas kontrol\u0113ja ieeju Zelta rag\u0101, un sasniegt musulma\u0146u ku\u0123us. Vi\u0146i ap\u0161aud\u012bja Eiropas un Bizantijas ku\u0123us, ta\u010du s\u0101kotn\u0113ji tas neizdev\u0101s, kas uzlaboja pils\u0113tas aizst\u0101vju mor\u0101li.

Flote tika p\u0101rvietota pa sauszemi, un blok\u0101de bija pabeigta.<\/strong>
Sult\u0101ns s\u0101ka dom\u0101t par veidu, k\u0101 ievest savus ku\u0123us ost\u0101, lai pabeigtu aplenkumu pa sauszemi un j\u016bru. Vi\u0146am ien\u0101ca pr\u0101t\u0101 d\u012bvaina ideja \u2013 p\u0101rvad\u0101t ku\u0123us pa sauszemi, lai tie var\u0113tu iziet cauri \u0137\u0113d\u0113m, kas novietotas, lai tos nov\u0113rstu. \u0160\u012b d\u012bvain\u0101 lieta tika pan\u0101kta, da\u017eu stundu laik\u0101 nol\u012bdzinot zemi, un tika atvestas koka d\u0113\u013ci, iee\u013c\u013coti ar e\u013c\u013cu un taukiem un p\u0113c tam novietoti uz bru\u0123\u0113t\u0101 ce\u013ca t\u0101, lai atvieglotu ku\u0123u sl\u012bd\u0113\u0161anu un vilk\u0161anu. T\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 bija iesp\u0113jams p\u0101rvad\u0101t apm\u0113ram septi\u0146desmit ku\u0123us un izs\u0113din\u0101t tos Zelta rag\u0101, p\u0101rsteidzot bizantie\u0161us nesagatavotus.
Pils\u0113tas iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji 22. apr\u012b\u013ca r\u012bt\u0101 pamod\u0101s un ieraudz\u012bja, ka \u016bdensce\u013cu kontrol\u0113 Osma\u0146u ku\u0123i. Starp Konstantinopoles aizst\u0101vjiem un Osma\u0146u karav\u012briem vairs nebija \u016bdens barjeras. K\u0101ds bizantie\u0161u v\u0113sturnieks pauda vi\u0146u izbr\u012bnu par \u0161o varo\u0146darbu, sakot: "M\u0113s nekad iepriek\u0161 neesam redz\u0113ju\u0161i vai dzird\u0113ju\u0161i par tik br\u012bnumainu lietu. Mehmeds Iekarot\u0101js p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161 zemi j\u016br\u0101s, un vi\u0146a ku\u0123i ku\u0123o p\u0101ri kalnu virsotn\u0113m, nevis vi\u013c\u0146iem. \u0160aj\u0101 varo\u0146darb\u0101 Mehmeds II p\u0101rsp\u0113ja Aleksandru Lielo." Aplenktie saprata, ka Osma\u0146u uzvara ir neizb\u0113gama, ta\u010du vi\u0146u ap\u0146\u0113m\u012bba nemazin\u0101j\u0101s. T\u0101 viet\u0101 vi\u0146i k\u013cuva v\u0113l ap\u0146\u0113m\u012bg\u0101ki aizst\u0101v\u0113t savu pils\u0113tu l\u012bdz n\u0101vei. D\u017eumadas al Ulas m\u0113ne\u0161a 15. datum\u0101 857. gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus \/ 1453. gada 24. maij\u0101 sult\u0101ns Mehmeds nos\u016bt\u012bja v\u0113stuli imperatoram Konstant\u012bnam, kur\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 aicin\u0101ja vi\u0146u nodot pils\u0113tu bez asinsizlie\u0161anas. Vi\u0146\u0161 pied\u0101v\u0101ja nodro\u0161in\u0101t, ka vi\u0146\u0161, vi\u0146a \u0123imene, pal\u012bgi un visi pils\u0113tas iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji, kuri v\u0113las, var dro\u0161i doties, kur vien v\u0113las, lai pils\u0113t\u0101 netiktu nodar\u012bts nek\u0101ds kait\u0113jums, lai pils\u0113t\u0101 netiktu nodar\u012bts nek\u0101ds kait\u0113jums. Vi\u0146\u0161 deva vi\u0146iem izv\u0113li palikt pils\u0113t\u0101 vai to pamest. Kad v\u0113stule sasniedza imperatoru, vi\u0146\u0161 sapulcin\u0101ja savus padomniekus un iesniedza vi\u0146iem lietu. Da\u017ei no vi\u0146iem bija noska\u0146oti padoties, bet citi uzst\u0101ja uz pils\u0113tas aizst\u0101v\u0113\u0161anas turpin\u0101\u0161anu l\u012bdz n\u0101vei. Imperators bija noska\u0146ots piekrist to viedoklim, kuri atbalst\u012bja c\u012b\u0146u l\u012bdz p\u0113d\u0113jam br\u012bdim. Imperators atbild\u0113ja iekarot\u0101ja v\u0113stnesim ar v\u0113stuli, kur\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 rakst\u012bja: "Vi\u0146\u0161 pateicas Dievam, ka sult\u0101ns ir noska\u0146ots uz mieru un ka vi\u0146\u0161 ir apmierin\u0101ts maks\u0101t vi\u0146am nodevas. Kas attiecas uz Konstantinopoli, vi\u0146\u0161 ir zv\u0113r\u0113jis to aizst\u0101v\u0113t l\u012bdz p\u0113d\u0113jai elpai. Vi\u0146\u0161 vai nu saglab\u0101 savu troni, vai ar\u012b tiek apglab\u0101ts zem t\u0101 m\u016briem." Kad v\u0113stule sasniedza iekarot\u0101ju, vi\u0146\u0161 teica: "\u013boti labi, dr\u012bz man b\u016bs tronis Konstantinopol\u0113 vai kaps tur."

Konstantinopoles iekaro\u0161ana<\/strong>
Otrdienas, Jumada al-Ula 20. datuma (857 AH) \/ 1453. gada 29. maija r\u012btausm\u0101 Osma\u0146u sult\u0101ns bija veicis p\u0113d\u0113jos sagatavo\u0161an\u0101s darbus, sadal\u012bjis savus sp\u0113kus un sapulcin\u0101jis aptuveni 100 000 karav\u012bru Zelta v\u0101rtu priek\u0161\u0101. Vi\u0146\u0161 mobiliz\u0113ja 50 000 kreisaj\u0101 flang\u0101, un sult\u0101ns bija izvietojies centr\u0101 kop\u0101 ar jani\u010d\u0101ru karav\u012briem. Ost\u0101 bija sapulc\u0113ju\u0161ies 70 ku\u0123i, un uzbrukums s\u0101k\u0101s no sauszemes un j\u016bras. Kaujas liesmas pastiprin\u0101j\u0101s, un lielgabalu \u0161\u0101vieni caurd\u016bra debesis, izraisot paniku dv\u0113sel\u0113s. Karav\u012bru saucieni "Allahu Akbar" satricin\u0101ja visu, un to atbalss bija dzirdama no j\u016bdz\u0113m t\u0101lu. Pils\u0113tas aizst\u0101vji atdeva visu, lai aizst\u0101v\u0113tu pils\u0113tu. Pag\u0101ja tikai stunda, l\u012bdz pla\u0161\u0101 tran\u0161eja \u0101rsienas priek\u0161\u0101 piepild\u012bj\u0101s ar t\u016bksto\u0161iem kritu\u0161o.
\u0160\u012b nepr\u0101t\u012bg\u0101 uzbrukuma laik\u0101 Justini\u0101ns tika ievainots rok\u0101 un aug\u0161stilb\u0101, un vi\u0146\u0161 stipri asi\u0146oja. Vi\u0146\u0161 dev\u0101s \u0101rst\u0113ties, neskatoties uz imperatora l\u016bgumiem palikt, pateicoties vi\u0146a drosmei un izcilaj\u0101m prasm\u0113m pils\u0113tas aizst\u0101v\u0113\u0161an\u0101. Osma\u0146i divk\u0101r\u0161oja savus centienus un met\u0101s ar k\u0101pn\u0113m pret\u012b m\u016briem, nebaidoties no n\u0101ves, kas vi\u0146us gaid\u012bja. Jani\u010d\u0101ru grupa uzl\u0113ca uz m\u016bra virsotni, kam sekoja c\u012bn\u012bt\u0101ji, kuru bultas caurd\u016bra. Bet tas bija velt\u012bgi, jo osma\u0146iem izdev\u0101s iebrukt pils\u0113t\u0101. Osma\u0146u flotei izdev\u0101s pacelt dzelzs \u0137\u0113des, kas bija novietotas pie l\u012b\u010da ieejas. Osma\u0146i iebruka pils\u0113t\u0101, kuru p\u0101r\u0146\u0113ma panika, un t\u0101s aizst\u0101vji b\u0113ga no vis\u0101m pus\u0113m. Tikai tr\u012bs stundas p\u0113c uzbrukuma s\u0101kuma varen\u0101 pils\u0113ta bija iekarot\u0101ju rok\u0101s. Sult\u0101ns ien\u0101ca pils\u0113t\u0101 pusdienlaik\u0101 un atrada karav\u012brus aiz\u0146emtus ar laup\u012b\u0161anu un cit\u0101m aktivit\u0101t\u0113m. Vi\u0146\u0161 izdeva pav\u0113les nov\u0113rst jebk\u0101du agresiju, un dro\u0161\u012bba nekav\u0113joties guva virsroku.

Muhameds al-Fatihs Med\u012bn\u0101<\/strong>
Kad Mehmeds Iekarot\u0101js uzvaro\u0161i ien\u0101ca pils\u0113t\u0101, vi\u0146\u0161 nok\u0101pa no zirga un pateic\u012bb\u0101 Dievam par savu uzvaru un pan\u0101kumiem nometies ce\u013cos. P\u0113c tam vi\u0146\u0161 dev\u0101s uz Sv\u0113t\u0101s Sofijas bazn\u012bcu, kur bija sapulc\u0113ju\u0161ies bizantie\u0161i un m\u016bki. Kad vi\u0146\u0161 tuvoj\u0101s t\u0101s v\u0101rtiem, iek\u0161\u0101 eso\u0161ie kristie\u0161i bija \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi nobiju\u0161ies. Viens no m\u016bkiem atv\u0113ra vi\u0146am v\u0101rtus, t\u0101p\u0113c vi\u0146\u0161 l\u016bdza m\u016bku nomierin\u0101t cilv\u0113kus un p\u0101rliecin\u0101t vi\u0146us, lai vi\u0146i var\u0113tu dro\u0161i atgriezties m\u0101j\u0101s. Cilv\u0113ki bija nomierin\u0101ju\u0161ies, un da\u017ei m\u016bki sl\u0113p\u0101s bazn\u012bcas pagrabos. Redzot Iekarot\u0101ja toleranci un piedo\u0161anu, vi\u0146i izn\u0101ca un pazi\u0146oja par savu piev\u0113r\u0161anos isl\u0101mam. Tad Iekarot\u0101js pav\u0113l\u0113ja bazn\u012bc\u0101 veikt l\u016bg\u0161anu aicin\u0101jumu, pasludinot to par mo\u0161eju. Sult\u0101ns deva kristie\u0161iem br\u012bv\u012bbu veikt reli\u0123iskus ritu\u0101lus un izv\u0113l\u0113ties savus reli\u0123iskos vad\u012bt\u0101jus, kuriem bija ties\u012bbas lemt civilliet\u0101s. Vi\u0146\u0161 \u0161\u012bs ties\u012bbas deva ar\u012b citu provin\u010du bazn\u012bcas locek\u013ciem, bet vienlaikus vi\u0146\u0161 uzlika d\u017eizu visiem. P\u0113c tam vi\u0146\u0161 sapulcin\u0101ja krist\u012bgo gar\u012bdzniekus, lai iev\u0113l\u0113tu patriarhu. Vi\u0146i izv\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s Georgios Curtisius Scholarius un uzd\u0101vin\u0101ja vi\u0146iem pusi pils\u0113tas bazn\u012bcu, bet otru pusi noteica par mo\u0161ej\u0101m musulma\u0146iem. Kad pils\u0113ta bija piln\u012bb\u0101 iekarota, sult\u0101ns Mehmeds p\u0101rc\u0113la galvaspils\u0113tu uz pils\u0113tu, p\u0101rd\u0113v\u0113jot to par "Stambulu", kas noz\u012bm\u0113 "isl\u0101ma tronis" vai "isl\u0101ma pils\u0113ta". P\u0113c \u0161\u012bs iekaro\u0161anas sult\u0101nam Mehmedam tika pie\u0161\u0137irts tituls "Sult\u0101ns Mehmeds Iekarot\u0101js".

K\u0101p\u0113c m\u0113s bij\u0101m lieliski<\/strong>
No Tamera Badra gr\u0101matas "Neaizmirstamas dienas"\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

6 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2019 \u00a0 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0628 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \ufdfa \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: \u00ab\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0646 […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":21959,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","inline_featured_image":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-21958","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-115"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21958"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21958\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21959"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}