{"id":21946,"date":"2025-03-27T12:06:38","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:06:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21946"},"modified":"2025-04-20T09:14:52","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T09:14:52","slug":"rdae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/lv\/archives\/21946","title":{"rendered":"Granadas kri\u0161ana"},"content":{"rendered":"
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2019. gada 28. febru\u0101r\u012b<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Granadas kri\u0161ana

Granadas isl\u0101ma karalistes past\u0101v\u0113\u0161ana Andal\u016bzij\u0101 divus gadsimtus bija isl\u0101ma br\u012bnums.
\u0160\u012b isl\u0101ma sala, kas peld virs krusta karu nemier\u012bg\u0101s j\u016bras, pilna ar v\u0113sturisku naidu un viltu, neb\u016btu var\u0113jusi saglab\u0101t savu slaveno nelok\u0101m\u012bbu, ja vien nelok\u0101m\u012bbas b\u016bt\u012bba sl\u0113pjas isl\u0101ma tic\u012bb\u0101 un principos. Bez isl\u0101ma tic\u012bbas \u0161\u012b sala neb\u016btu sp\u0113jusi notur\u0113ties Andal\u016bzij\u0101 p\u0113c tam, kad pirms diviem gadsimtiem bija kritu\u0161as visas isl\u0101ma pils\u0113tas un cietok\u0161\u0146i.
Tie\u0161i likums par rea\u0123\u0113\u0161anu uz izaicin\u0101jumu uztur\u0113ja Granadu dz\u012bvu un piepild\u012btu ar isl\u0101ma dom\u0101m un kult\u016bras att\u012bst\u012bbu \u0161ajos divos gadsimtos. Granadie\u0161u saj\u016bta, ka vi\u0146i saskaras ar ienaidnieku, kas vi\u0146us ielenc no vis\u0101m pus\u0113m, gaidot iesp\u0113ju vi\u0146us apr\u012bt, un ka vi\u0146iem nav cer\u012bbu ievest uzvaru no isl\u0101ma pasaules, un ka vi\u0146iem j\u0101pa\u013caujas uz sevi, bija vi\u0146u liel\u0101k\u0101 motiv\u0101cija past\u0101v\u012bgai gatavo\u0161an\u0101s, d\u017eih\u0101da karoga pacel\u0161ana un isl\u0101ma piekop\u0161ana.
T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di Granadai izdev\u0101s l\u012bdz pat 897. gadam p\u0113c Kristus \/ 1492. gadam p\u0113c Kristus palikt isl\u0101ma Andal\u016bzijas d\u0101mai, zin\u0101tnes b\u0101kai un atliku\u0161\u0101s isl\u0101ma civiliz\u0101cijas liesmai Eirop\u0101.
Tom\u0113r gadi ap kri\u0161anu bija liecinieki att\u012bst\u012bbai Andal\u016bzijas dz\u012bv\u0113. Kristie\u0161u l\u012bmen\u012b s\u0101k\u0101s liela savien\u012bba starp div\u0101m liel\u0101kaj\u0101m kristie\u0161u kara\u013cvalst\u012bm, kas bija naid\u012bgas pret isl\u0101mu, proti, Aragonas un Kast\u012blijas kara\u013cvalst\u012bm. Abas apvienoj\u0101s savien\u012bb\u0101, kas kulmin\u0113ja ar Kast\u012blijas karalienes Izabellas laul\u012bb\u0101m ar Aragonas karali Ferdinandu. Sapnis, kas vaj\u0101ja abus kato\u013cu karaliskos p\u0101rus vi\u0146u k\u0101zu nakt\u012b, bija doties uz Granadu, pavad\u012bt medusm\u0113nesi Alhambr\u0101 un pacelt krustu virs Granadas sargtor\u0146a. Isl\u0101ma l\u012bmen\u012b Granadas karalist\u0113 bija izc\u0113lies liels str\u012bds, \u012bpa\u0161i starp valdo\u0161\u0101s \u0123imenes locek\u013ciem. Ierobe\u017eot\u0101 Granadas karaliste bija sadal\u012bta div\u0101s da\u013c\u0101s, katra apdraudot otru un st\u0101vot tai ce\u013c\u0101. Viena da\u013ca atrad\u0101s lielaj\u0101 galvaspils\u0113t\u0101 Granad\u0101, kuru p\u0101rvald\u012bja Abu Abdulla Muhameds Ali Abu al-Hasans al-Nasri (p\u0113d\u0113jais Granadas karalis), bet otra da\u013ca atrad\u0101s Vadi A\u0161 un t\u0101s nomal\u0113, kuru p\u0101rvald\u012bja vi\u0146a t\u0113vocis Abu Abdulla Muhameds, paz\u012bstams k\u0101 al-Zaghal.
Abi kato\u013cu kara\u013ci s\u0101ka uzbrukumu Vadi A\u0161am 894. gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus \/ 1489. gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus un veiksm\u012bgi ie\u0146\u0113ma Vadi A\u0161u, Almeriju, Bastu un citas pils\u0113tas, kas atrad\u0101s Granadas pils\u0113tas nomal\u0113.
Vi\u0146i nos\u016bt\u012bja sult\u0101nam Abu Abdullaham Al-Nasri zi\u0146u, l\u016bdzot atdot plauksto\u0161o Alhambras pils\u0113tu un palikt dz\u012bvam Granad\u0101 t\u0101s aizsardz\u012bb\u0101. K\u0101 jau tas ir ierasts kara\u013ciem, kurus v\u0113sture vaj\u0101, \u0161is karalis bija v\u0101j\u0161 un ne\u0146\u0113ma v\u0113r\u0101 \u0161o dienu. Vi\u0146\u0161 zin\u0101ja, ka \u0161is l\u016bgums noz\u012bm\u0113 p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101s isl\u0101ma kara\u013cvalsts Andal\u016bzij\u0101 pado\u0161anos, t\u0101p\u0113c vi\u0146\u0161 l\u016bgumu noraid\u012bja. Kar\u0161 izc\u0113l\u0101s starp musulma\u0146iem un kristie\u0161iem un ilga divus gadus. To vad\u012bja un c\u012bn\u012bt\u0101ju dv\u0113sel\u0113s iekurin\u0101ja dedz\u012bbu isl\u0101ma bru\u0146inieks no tiem, kas izskat\u0101s k\u0101 saules mirdzums pirms saulrieta: Musa ibn Abi Al-Ghassans.
Pateicoties \u0161im bru\u0146iniekam un citiem l\u012bdz\u012bgiem vi\u0146am, Granada divus gadus pretoj\u0101s kato\u013cu kara\u013ciem un septi\u0146us m\u0113ne\u0161us iztur\u0113ja vi\u0146u aplenkumu. Tom\u0113r par konflikta beig\u0101m nebija \u0161aubu. Abu Abdullahs, kura valst\u012bbu nesaglab\u0101ja v\u012brie\u0161i, un \u0123imenes \u0161\u0137el\u0161an\u0101s un iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s nesaska\u0146as valst\u012bb\u0101, pretstat\u0101 piln\u012bgai vienot\u012bbai kristie\u0161u front\u0113, papildus ilgas zaud\u0113jumu v\u0113stures, pirmsisl\u0101ma nacion\u0101lisma un konfliktu ra\u017eai t\u0101lu no isl\u0101ma, ko Granada dz\u012bvoja un mantoja no t\u0101, ko t\u0101 mantoja no kritu\u0161aj\u0101m Sp\u0101nijas isl\u0101ma kara\u013cvalst\u012bm.
Visi \u0161ie faktori nodz\u0113sa p\u0113d\u0113jo isl\u0101ma sveci Andal\u016bzij\u0101, l\u012bdz Sp\u0101nijas kara\u013ci Ferdinands un Izabella sp\u0113ja ie\u0146emt Granadu p\u0113c tam, kad sult\u0101ns Abu Abdulla al-Nasri 897. gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus, kas atbilst 1492. gada 2. janv\u0101rim, to nodeva. Andal\u016bzij\u0101 palika simtiem t\u016bksto\u0161u musulma\u0146u, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101, ka nodo\u0161anas l\u012bgums noteica musulma\u0146iem pilsonisko br\u012bv\u012bbu, vi\u0146u \u012bpa\u0161uma saglab\u0101\u0161anu un iesp\u0113ju dz\u012bvot k\u0101 pilso\u0146iem. Tom\u0113r sp\u0101\u0146i dr\u012bz vien s\u0101ka vaj\u0101t musulma\u0146us un piespiest vi\u0146us piev\u0113rsties kristiet\u012bbai t\u0101 sauktaj\u0101 inkviz\u012bcij\u0101. Musulma\u0146i sac\u0113l\u0101s un m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja pretoties sp\u0101\u0146iem, bet galu gal\u0101 bija spiesti pamest Andal\u016bziju. Simt divdesmit gadus p\u0113c Granadas kri\u0161anas Sp\u0101nij\u0101 un Portug\u0101l\u0113 vairs nebija musulma\u0146u p\u0113c tam, kad Sp\u0101nij\u0101 1018. gad\u0101 p\u0113c Kristus \/ 1609. gad\u0101 tika izdots karalisks dekr\u0113ts Filipa III v\u0101rd\u0101, kur\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 br\u012bdin\u0101ja musulma\u0146us Sp\u0101nij\u0101 72 stundu laik\u0101 pamest karalisk\u0101s zemes. Toreiz tas nebija iesp\u0113jams, un l\u0113muma m\u0113r\u0137is bija izn\u012bcin\u0101t p\u0113d\u0113jos atliku\u0161os musulma\u0146us.
\u0160\u012b asi\u0146ain\u0101 tra\u0123\u0113dija ilga desmit m\u0113ne\u0161us, kuru laik\u0101 tika nogalin\u0101ti aptuveni 400\u00a0000 musulma\u0146u. P\u0101r\u0113jie aizb\u0113ga uz Maroku un Al\u017e\u012briju, un da\u017ei no vi\u0146iem bai\u013cu d\u0113\u013c piev\u0113rs\u0101s kristiet\u012bbai.
Kad Abu Abdullahs, p\u0113d\u0113jais Granadas karalis, uzk\u0101pa uz sava ku\u0123a, pametot isl\u0101ma Granadu un atvadoties no Andal\u016bzijas p\u0113c asto\u0146iem gadsimtiem ilgas dz\u012bves isl\u0101ma \u0113n\u0101, \u0161aj\u0101 vardarb\u012bgaj\u0101 un dramatiskaj\u0101 situ\u0101cij\u0101 Abu Abdullahs apraud\u0101ja savu zaud\u0113to valst\u012bbu un no savas m\u0101tes sa\u0146\u0113ma v\u0101rdus, ko v\u0113sture ir saglab\u0101jusi: "Raudiet k\u0101 sievietes par valst\u012bbu, kuru j\u016bs neaizsarg\u0101j\u0101t t\u0101, k\u0101 to dara v\u012brie\u0161i."
Paties\u012bba ir t\u0101da, ka ar \u0161iem vi\u0146a v\u0101rdiem vi\u0146a m\u0101te sita vi\u0146u un sita daudzus isl\u0101ma valdniekus, kuri raud\u0101ja k\u0101 sievietes par \u0137\u0113ni\u0146u, kuru vi\u0146i neaizsarg\u0101ja t\u0101, k\u0101 to dar\u012btu v\u012brie\u0161i!

K\u0101p\u0113c m\u0113s bij\u0101m lieliski
Tamera Badra gr\u0101mata (Neaizmirstamas valstis)\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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