“There is no rupture of any kind between talking about Islam and the civil state, nor about Islam and citizenship, nor about Islam and freedom of opinion and belief. Those who assume a rift between Islam and all these modern ideas themselves do not understand the truth of Islam, nor do they read the history of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and his noble companions, may God be pleased with them, in a correct or just manner. That is why the state in Islam has its distinctive characteristics, just as the system of government in Islam has its own foundations of servitude to God, justice, consultation and its obligation, equality, obedience to those in authority, the obligation to advise those in authority, the responsibility of the ruler or shepherd and his subjection to the oversight of the judiciary and the nation, the political unity of the nation, the guarantee of rights and duties, and freedom. These foundations represent the core of the Islamic system and the foundations most expressive of its uniqueness.”

From the book “The Characteristics of the Shepherd and the Flock” by Tamer Badr