{"id":21970,"date":"2025-03-27T12:24:15","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T12:24:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/?p=21970"},"modified":"2025-04-20T08:59:21","modified_gmt":"2025-04-20T08:59:21","slug":"jhgk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamerbadr.com\/cs\/archives\/21970","title":{"rendered":"Bitva u Tours"},"content":{"rendered":"
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17. b\u0159ezna 2019<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u00a0<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Bitva u Tours<\/strong>

K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd terorista, kter\u00fd zabil neozbrojen\u00e9 muslimy v me\u0161it\u011b na Nov\u00e9m Z\u00e9landu, m\u011bl na hlave\u0148 sv\u00e9 pu\u0161ky naps\u00e1no \u201eCharles Martel\u201c. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee je dobr\u00fdm \u010dten\u00e1\u0159em historie. My muslimov\u00e9 bohu\u017eel na\u0161i historii ne\u010dteme a v\u011bt\u0161ina z n\u00ed se ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch nevyu\u010duje. \u010c\u00e1st na\u0161\u00ed historie je zkreslov\u00e1na, a\u0165 u\u017e \u00famysln\u011b, nebo z nev\u011bdomosti. Proto mus\u00edme zn\u00e1t na\u0161i historii a p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh Charlese Martela, jeho\u017e jm\u00e9no je naps\u00e1no na pu\u0161ce, kter\u00e1 zabila neozbrojen\u00e9 muslimy.

Bitva u Tours, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 jako bitva u Poitiers, se odehr\u00e1la mezi muslimsk\u00fdmi silami veden\u00fdmi Abd al-Rahm\u00e1nem al-Ghafiqim a fransk\u00fdmi silami veden\u00fdmi Karlem Martelem. Muslimov\u00e9 byli v t\u00e9to bitv\u011b pora\u017eeni a jejich velitel byl zabit. Tato por\u00e1\u017eka zastavila muslimsk\u00fd postup sm\u011brem k srdci Evropy.

p\u0159ed bitvou<\/strong>
V roce 112 AH \/ 730 n. l. byl Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi jmenov\u00e1n guvern\u00e9rem Andalusie. Potla\u010dil povst\u00e1n\u00ed v Andalusii mezi Araby a Berbery a pracoval na zlep\u0161en\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti a kulturn\u00ed situace v zemi.
Tato stabilita a \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00e9 se v Andalusii ust\u00e1lily, v\u0161ak byly naru\u0161eny p\u0159esuny Frank\u016f a G\u00f3t\u016f a jejich p\u0159\u00edpravami na \u00fatok na isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 pozice na severu. Mu\u017e jako Al-Ghafiqi, velk\u00fd v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed a bojovn\u00edk, nemohl ml\u010det. Vzpom\u00ednky na por\u00e1\u017eku u Toloshy ho st\u00e1le pron\u00e1sledovaly a \u010dekal na vhodnou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost, aby jej\u00ed n\u00e1sledky vymazal. Nyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e p\u0159i\u0161la, musel se j\u00ed chopit a co nejl\u00e9pe se na ni p\u0159ipravit. Ozn\u00e1mil sv\u016fj \u00famysl dob\u00fdt a bojovn\u00edci se k n\u011bmu hrnuli ze v\u0161ech stran, dokud nedos\u00e1hli pades\u00e1ti tis\u00edc mu\u017e\u016f.

Pl\u00e1n kampan\u011b<\/strong>
Na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 114 AH \/ 732 n. l. shrom\u00e1\u017edil Abd al-Rahman sv\u00e1 vojska v Pamplon\u011b, severn\u011b od Andalusie, p\u0159ekro\u010dil s nimi Albertovo poho\u0159\u00ed a vstoupil do Francie (Galie). Zam\u00ed\u0159il na jih k m\u011bstu Aral, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na \u0159ece Rh\u00f4n\u011b, proto\u017ee mu odm\u00edtlo platit tribut a neuposlechlo ho. Po obrovsk\u00e9 bitv\u011b ho dobyl. Pot\u00e9 zam\u00ed\u0159il na z\u00e1pad k Akvit\u00e1nsk\u00e9mu v\u00e9vodstv\u00ed a dos\u00e1hl rozhodn\u00e9ho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed na b\u0159ehu \u0159eky Dordogne, \u010d\u00edm\u017e roztrhal jeho arm\u00e1du na kusy. V\u00e9voda Odo byl nucen ustoupit se sv\u00fdmi silami na sever a zanechal sv\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Bordeaux muslim\u016fm, aby do n\u011bj vstoupili jako dobyvatel\u00e9. Akvit\u00e1nsk\u00fd st\u00e1t byl zcela v rukou muslim\u016f. Al-Ghafiqi se vydal sm\u011brem k \u0159ece Loi\u0159e a zam\u00ed\u0159il k m\u011bstu Tours, druh\u00e9mu nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu m\u011bstu v\u00e9vodstv\u00ed, kde se nach\u00e1zel kostel svat\u00e9ho Martina, kter\u00fd byl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b slavn\u00fd. Muslimov\u00e9 m\u011bsto dobyli a ovl\u00e1dli.
V\u00e9voda Odo nem\u011bl jinou mo\u017enost, ne\u017e vyhledat pomoc u merovejsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, jeho\u017e z\u00e1le\u017eitosti byly v rukou Karla Martela. Odpov\u011bd\u011bl na vol\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159isp\u011bchal mu na pomoc, proto\u017ee se d\u0159\u00edve kv\u016fli sporu, kter\u00fd existoval mezi n\u00edm a Odem, v\u00e9vodou z Akvit\u00e1nie, nestaral o muslimsk\u00e9 hnut\u00ed v ji\u017en\u00ed Francii.

Franksk\u00e1 p\u0159ipravenost<\/strong>
Karel Martel ve sv\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1dosti o pomoc spat\u0159il p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it sv\u016fj vliv na Akvit\u00e1nii, kter\u00e1 byla v rukou jeho rivala, a zastavit muslimsk\u00e9 dobyt\u00ed pot\u00e9, co ho za\u010dalo ohro\u017eovat. Okam\u017eit\u011b se dal do pohybu a ne\u0161et\u0159il \u00fasil\u00edm p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edprav\u00e1ch. Poslal pro voj\u00e1ky odev\u0161ad a setkal se se siln\u00fdmi, drsn\u00fdmi voj\u00e1ky bojuj\u00edc\u00edmi t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nah\u00fdmi, krom\u011b jeho vlastn\u00edch voj\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli siln\u00ed a zku\u0161en\u00ed ve v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch a pohrom\u00e1ch. Pot\u00e9, co Karel Martel dokon\u010dil sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravy, vydal se na cestu se svou obrovskou arm\u00e1dou, kter\u00e1 byla po\u010detn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e muslimsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da, ot\u0159\u00e1saj\u00edc\u00ed zem\u00ed a francouzsk\u00e9 pl\u00e1n\u011b se oz\u00fdvaly zvuky a hluk voj\u00e1k\u016f, dokud nedos\u00e1hl ji\u017en\u00edch luk \u0159eky Loiry.<\/span><\/h1>


Bitva<\/strong>
Muslimsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da dokon\u010dila sv\u016fj postup na rovinu mezi Poitiers a Tours po dobyt\u00ed obou m\u011bst. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b arm\u00e1da Karla Martela dos\u00e1hla Loiry, ani\u017e by si muslimov\u00e9 v\u0161imli p\u0159\u00edchodu jeho p\u0159edvoje. Kdy\u017e se Al-Ghafiqi cht\u011bl vtrhnout do \u0159eky Loiry, aby se setkal se sv\u00fdm nep\u0159\u00edtelem na jej\u00edm prav\u00e9m b\u0159ehu d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e dokon\u010dil sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravy, Martel ho p\u0159ekvapil sv\u00fdmi masivn\u00edmi silami, kter\u00e9 po\u010detn\u011b p\u0159evy\u0161ovaly muslimskou arm\u00e1du. Abd al-Rahm\u00e1n byl nucen ustoupit na rovinu mezi Poitiers a Tours. Karel se sv\u00fdmi silami p\u0159ekro\u010dil \u0159eku Loiru a ut\u00e1bo\u0159il se se svou arm\u00e1dou n\u011bkolik mil od Al-Ghafiqiho arm\u00e1dy.
Bitva se odehr\u00e1la na on\u00e9 pl\u00e1ni mezi ob\u011bma stranami. P\u0159esn\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed boji\u0161t\u011b nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo, a\u010dkoli n\u011bkter\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee se odehr\u00e1la pobl\u00ed\u017e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 silnice spojuj\u00edc\u00ed Poitiers a Ch\u00e2tel, na m\u00edst\u011b asi dvacet kilometr\u016f severov\u00fdchodn\u011b od Poitiers zvan\u00e9m Al-Balat, co\u017e v Andalusii znamen\u00e1 pal\u00e1c nebo pevnost obklopenou zahradami. Proto byla bitva v arabsk\u00fdch pramenech naz\u00fdv\u00e1na Al-Balat Al-Shuhada (Pal\u00e1c mu\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f) kv\u016fli velk\u00e9mu po\u010dtu muslim\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed v n\u00ed padli umu\u010den\u00ed. V evropsk\u00fdch pramenech se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 bitva u Tours-Poitiers.
Boje mezi ob\u011bma stranami vypukly koncem \u0161a'banu 114 AH \/ v \u0159\u00edjnu 732 n. l. a trvaly dev\u011bt dn\u00ed a\u017e do za\u010d\u00e1tku ramad\u00e1nu, ani\u017e by kter\u00e1koli ze stran dos\u00e1hla rozhodn\u00e9ho v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed.
Des\u00e1t\u00e9ho dne vypukla obrovsk\u00e1 bitva, v n\u00ed\u017e ob\u011b strany projevily maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed odvahu, vytrvalost a neochv\u011bjnost, dokud se Frankov\u00e9 neza\u010dali unavovat a neobjevily se zn\u00e1mky v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed muslim\u016f. K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee isl\u00e1msk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da m\u00e1 mnoho ko\u0159isti, kterou z\u00edskala v bitv\u00e1ch b\u011bhem postupu z Andalusie do Poitiers, a tato ko\u0159ist muslimy t\u00ed\u017eila. Arabov\u00e9 m\u011bli zvyk nosit ko\u0159ist s sebou a umis\u0165ovat ji za svou arm\u00e1du s pos\u00e1dkou, kter\u00e1 ji chr\u00e1nila. K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 to pochopili a usp\u011bli v \u00fatoku na muslimy t\u00edm, \u017ee se zam\u011b\u0159ili na tuto stranu. Obsadili je zezadu ze strany pos\u00e1dky pov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 st\u0159e\u017een\u00edm ko\u0159isti. Muslimov\u00e9 si k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu neuv\u011bdomili, a tak se n\u011bkter\u00e9 z jejich diviz\u00ed oto\u010dily, aby ko\u0159ist ochr\u00e1nily, a tak byl syst\u00e9m isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy naru\u0161en, proto\u017ee jedna divize se oto\u010dila, aby ko\u0159ist ochr\u00e1nila, a jin\u00e1 bojovala s k\u0159es\u0165any zep\u0159edu. Muslimsk\u00e9 \u0159ady se naru\u0161ily a mezera, kterou Frankov\u00e9 pronikali, se zv\u011bt\u0161ila.
Al-Ghafiqi se pokusil obnovit po\u0159\u00e1dek, p\u0159evz\u00edt kontrolu nad situac\u00ed a o\u017eivit nad\u0161en\u00ed mezi sv\u00fdmi voj\u00e1ky, ale smrt mu nepomohla pot\u00e9, co ho zas\u00e1hl zbloudil\u00fd \u0161\u00edp, kter\u00fd ho p\u0159ipravil o \u017eivot, a padl jako mu\u010dedn\u00edk na boji\u0161ti. Muslimsk\u00e9 \u0159ady se staly \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l neuspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi a mezi arm\u00e1dou se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila panika. Neb\u00fdt zbytk\u016f neochv\u011bjnosti, vrouc\u00ed v\u00edry a touhy po v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed, postihla by muslimy tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 arm\u00e1d\u011b, kter\u00e1 je po\u010detn\u011b p\u0159evy\u0161ovala, velk\u00e1 pohroma. Muslimov\u00e9 po\u010dkali do setm\u011bn\u00ed, pak vyu\u017eili p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti tmy a st\u00e1hli se do Septimanie, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e sv\u016fj majetek a v\u011bt\u0161inu ko\u0159isti zanechali nep\u0159\u00edteli.
Kdy\u017e nastalo r\u00e1no, Frankov\u00e9 povstali, aby pokra\u010dovali v boji, ale nena\u0161li \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 muslimy. V m\u00edst\u011b nena\u0161li nic ne\u017e naprost\u00e9 ticho, a tak opatrn\u011b postupovali ke stan\u016fm v nad\u011bji, \u017ee je v tom n\u011bjak\u00fd trik. Na\u0161li je pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9, krom\u011b zran\u011bn\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed se nemohli hnout. Okam\u017eit\u011b je povra\u017edili a Karel Martel byl s \u00fastupem muslim\u016f spokojen. Neodv\u00e1\u017eil se je pron\u00e1sledovat a vr\u00e1til se se svou arm\u00e1dou na sever, odkud p\u0159i\u0161el.

D\u016fvody por\u00e1\u017eky<\/strong>
K tomuto ostudn\u00e9mu v\u00fdsledku vedlo mnoho faktor\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b:
1. Muslimov\u00e9 od doby, kdy opustili Andalusii, urazili tis\u00edce mil a byli vy\u010derpan\u00ed neust\u00e1l\u00fdmi v\u00e1lkami ve Francii a vy\u010derpan\u00ed pochodem a p\u0159esunem. B\u011bhem t\u00e9to cesty k nim nedorazily \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 posily, kter\u00e9 by obnovily vitalitu arm\u00e1dy a pomohly j\u00ed v jej\u00edm posl\u00e1n\u00ed, proto\u017ee vzd\u00e1lenost mezi nimi a centrem chal\u00edf\u00e1tu v Dama\u0161ku byla velk\u00e1. Proto se p\u0159i sv\u00e9m pochodu regiony Francie p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u011bli bl\u00ed\u017ee k mytick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016fm ne\u017e k historick\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem. C\u00f3rdoba, hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Andalusie, nemohla arm\u00e1d\u011b pomoci, proto\u017ee mnoho arabsk\u00fdch dobyvatel\u016f bylo rozpt\u00fdleno v jej\u00edch regionech.
2- Horlivost muslim\u016f chr\u00e1nit ko\u0159ist. V\u0161emohouc\u00ed B\u016fh ve Sv\u00e9 vzne\u0161en\u00e9 knize \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eLid\u00e9, vskutku, Bo\u017e\u00ed slib je pravda, proto nenechte se oklamat pozemsk\u00fdm \u017eivotem a nenechte se o Bohu oklamat Klamcem.\u201c [F\u00e1tir: 5] Je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee muslimov\u00e9 byli oklam\u00e1ni t\u00edmto pozemsk\u00fdm \u017eivotem, kter\u00fd se jim otev\u0159el, a tak o n\u011bj soupe\u0159ili. V had\u00edsu, kter\u00fd vypr\u00e1v\u011bli Al-Bukhar\u00ed a Muslim z pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed Amra ibn Awfa Al-Ans\u00e1r\u00edho, nech\u0165 s n\u00edm All\u00e1h nalezne zal\u00edben\u00ed, bylo hl\u00e1\u0161eno od Posla All\u00e1ha, m\u00edr a po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed s n\u00edm, \u017ee Posel All\u00e1ha, m\u00edr a po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed s n\u00edm, \u0159ekl: \u201eP\u0159i All\u00e1hovi, neboj\u00edm se pro v\u00e1s chudoby, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e se boj\u00edm, \u017ee v\u00e1m bude sv\u011bt usnadn\u011bn, tak jako byl usnadn\u011bn t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li p\u0159ed v\u00e1mi, a \u017ee o n\u011bj budete soupe\u0159it, tak jako o n\u011bj soupe\u0159ili oni, a \u017ee v\u00e1s zni\u010d\u00ed, tak jako zni\u010dilo je.\u201c
Z\u00e1kon V\u0161emohouc\u00edho Boha ohledn\u011b Jeho stvo\u0159en\u00ed je takov\u00fd, \u017ee pokud se sv\u011bt otev\u0159e muslim\u016fm a oni o n\u011bj budou soupe\u0159it, tak jako o n\u011bj soupe\u0159ily n\u00e1rody p\u0159ed nimi, pak je to tak\u00e9 zni\u010d\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako zni\u010dilo ty p\u0159edchoz\u00ed n\u00e1rody. V\u0161emohouc\u00ed B\u016fh \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eNikdy nenajdete \u017e\u00e1dnou zm\u011bnu na Bo\u017e\u00ed cest\u011b a nikdy nenajdete \u017e\u00e1dnou zm\u011bnu na Bo\u017e\u00ed cest\u011b\u201c (F\u00e1t\u00edr: 43).

V\u00fdsledky bitvy<\/strong>
O t\u00e9to bitv\u011b se toho namluvilo mnoho a evrop\u0161t\u00ed historici ji obklopuj\u00ed p\u0159ehnan\u00fdm z\u00e1jmem a pova\u017euj\u00ed ji za rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed bitvu. Tajemstv\u00ed jejich z\u00e1jmu je jasn\u00e9; v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich ji pova\u017euje za bitvu zachr\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed Evropu. Edward Gibbon ve sv\u00e9 knize \u201e\u00dapadek \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e\u201c o t\u00e9to bitv\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eZachr\u00e1nila na\u0161e britsk\u00e9 otce a na\u0161e francouzsk\u00e9 sousedy p\u0159ed jhem ob\u010dansk\u00e9ho a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho Kor\u00e1nu, zachovala sl\u00e1vu \u0158\u00edma a pos\u00edlila odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed.\u201c
Sir Edward Creasey \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eVelk\u00e9 v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9ho dos\u00e1hl Karel Martel nad Araby v roce 732 n. l., rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm zp\u016fsobem ukon\u010dilo arabsk\u00e9 v\u00fdboje v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evrop\u011b a zachr\u00e1nilo k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed p\u0159ed isl\u00e1mem.\u201c
Jin\u00e1 skupina um\u00edrn\u011bn\u00fdch historik\u016f vn\u00edm\u00e1 toto v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed jako velkou katastrofu, kter\u00e1 postihla Evropu a p\u0159ipravila ji o civilizaci a kulturu. Gustave Le Bon ve sv\u00e9 slavn\u00e9 knize *Civilizace Arab\u016f*, kterou Adel Zuaiter s p\u0159esnost\u00ed a v\u00fdmluvnost\u00ed p\u0159elo\u017eil do arab\u0161tiny, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eKdyby Arabov\u00e9 dobyli Francii, Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017e by se stala jako \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e1 Cordoba, centrem civilizace a v\u011bdy, kde by oby\u010dejn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk mohl \u010d\u00edst, ps\u00e1t a n\u011bkdy i skl\u00e1dat b\u00e1sn\u011b, v dob\u011b, kdy evrop\u0161t\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 neum\u011bli ps\u00e1t sv\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed jm\u00e9na.\u201c
Po bitv\u011b u Tours nedostali muslimov\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost proniknout do srdce Evropy. Postihlo je rozd\u011blen\u00ed a vypuknut\u00ed konflikt\u016f v dob\u011b, kdy se k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 s\u00edly sjednotily a za\u010dalo to, co naz\u00fdvali hnut\u00edm reconquisty, kter\u00e9 dob\u00fdvalo m\u011bsta a z\u00e1kladny v rukou muslim\u016f v Andalusii.

Pro\u010d jsme byli skv\u011bl\u00ed<\/strong>
Kniha (Nezapomenuteln\u00e9 dny... D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 str\u00e1nky z isl\u00e1msk\u00fdch d\u011bjin) od Tamera Badra\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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